Term
| What three simultaneously markers of chronic inflammation? |
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Definition
1) Active inflammation
2) Destruction of tissue
3) Repair/healing |
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Term
| How can you tell b/w a case of chronic inflammation and acute inflammation in terms of the immune cell type involved? |
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Definition
Both contain monocytes and macrophages
Acute- Neutrophils
Chronic- Plasma cells, lymphocytes, fibroblasts |
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Term
| How can you tell b/w a case of chronic inflammation and acute inflammation in terms of their different primary mediators? |
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Definition
Acute- Vasoactive amines and eicosanoids
Chronic- IFN-y, ROS, hydrolytic enzymes, growth factors |
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Term
| How do T-cells recruit Macrophages to inflammation sites? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
T-cells protect again extracellular microbes and B-cells protect against intracellular microbes |
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Definition
False, the opposite it true!
Remember, B-cells secrete antibodies! |
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Term
| Explain the "bi-directional" interactions of Lymphocytes with Macrophages. |
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Definition
1) Macrophages present antigens to T cells with co-stimulators and produce cytokines (IL-12) that stimulate T-cell response.
2) Activated T-cells produce cytokines (IFN-y), which activates macrophages. |
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Term
| How are Eosinophils recruited and activated? |
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Definition
Important for parasitic infections and IgE-mediated allergic reactions.
Eotaxin activates and recruites Eosinophils. |
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Term
| Which type of immune cell is associated with anaphylactic reactions? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the major products of macrophages?
Why are Macrophages so often involved in Chronic Inflammation? |
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Definition
1)
- ROS (toxic to microbes)
- Proteases (lysosomal enzymes that kill microbes)
- Cytokines and chemotactic (TGF-beta, PDGF, FGF)
- Growth factors and mediators of fibrosis and angiogenesis
2) When they are not regulated properly, they can secrete enzymes and cause tissue destruction. |
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Term
| What are the differential functions of TGF-beta and TGF-alpha in Chronic inflammation? |
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Definition
Remember, Alpha Attracts
1) TGF-beta- secreted by macrophages/ attracts other inflammatory cells and fibroblasts, as well as activating TIMPs.
2) TGF-alpha is secreted by other cells to attract macrophages. |
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Term
| Why can you measure for antibodies to determine if a patient has Hashimoto's thyroiditis? |
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Definition
| It is a case of chronic inflammation within the thyroid, with plasma cells (antibody producers). |
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Term
| Provide examples of chronic inflammatory responses from autoimmune diseases, infections and organ injury. |
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Definition
1) Autoimmune- Lupus erythematosus, Rheumatoid arthritis
2) Infections- TB
3) Organ injury- emphysema, coronary artery atherosclerosis. |
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Term
| How can you tell between foreign body type and Langhans type MNGCs in Granulomatous Inflammation? |
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Definition
1) Foreign body type- Haphazard nuclei arrangement and arise due to persistent material that is too large or undigestible for clearance.
2) Langhans- Peripheral nuclei arrangement and arise in the presence of insoluble persistent antigens that induce cell-mediates immune reaction (ex is TB) |
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Term
| What do Sarcoidosis, Wegener granulomatosis and TB have in common? |
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Definition
| Autoimmune conditions associates with Granulomas consisting of activated macrophages, inflammatory cells, necrotic debris and MNGCs. |
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Term
| What is the difference between "necrotizing" and "non-necrotizing" granulomas? |
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Definition
1) Necrotizing granulomas have necrotizing center (TB)
2) Non-necrotizing granulomas lack this center (Sarcoidosis). They are well-defined and have less inflammatory. |
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Term
| What is Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) and why can it not be easily tested for in the laboratory? |
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Definition
CGD is an X-linked genetic defect in NADPH oxidase, the enzyme that generates SOD.
Without SOD, macrophages cannot make ROS and cannot digest pathogens to eliminate them. Therefore, granulomas form.
2) Without SOD, the color reagent (NBT) will not change color. |
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Term
| Define "Granulomatous Inflammation" |
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Definition
| Chronic inflammation where localized collections of activated epithelial-like macrophages form. |
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