Term
|
Definition
| a form of Xtianity that emphasized the element of feeling in Xtian experience, encouraged laity to be active in church life, and adopted an ascetic attitude toward the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| considered the "father of pietism" and was the first to form Bible study groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
taught that
1. priesthood of all believers means that all Xtians must develop their faith and help others to do so
2. pastors should form groups for “Bible study”
3. pastoral candidates should be examined for their personal faith
4. preachers should preach obedience of Word of God, not doctrinal fine points |
|
|
Term
| Nicolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf |
|
Definition
| Parents were pietists; grandmother mediated informal religious controversies between Lutherans and Reformed. Allowed establishment of Moravian church on his land in Herrnhunt. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Its members had made a covenant to lead a holy and sober life, to take communion at least once a week, to be faithful in their private devotions, to visit the prisons regularly, and to spend three hours together every afternoon, studying the Bible and books of devotion.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Founder of Methodism, but only originally wished to reform within the Anglican church. |
|
|
Term
| Methodist Episcopal Church |
|
Definition
| Founded in America in 1784. Followed settlers out west and became more successful in the Midwest and the West. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the conscious effort to apply the rule of reason to the various aspects of individual and corporate life, including religion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Addressed by the French Philosopher Rene Descartes and English Philosopher John Locke. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| French philosopher who questioned just about everything and thought the only thing he could be sure of was his own existence. He claimed a thinking being could not be doubted. He believed in God because in his mind he found the idea for guide, therefore, a God must exist. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| English philosopher who rejected Descartes theory of innate ideas and taught that all knowledge was derived from experience and revelation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Idea that other religions should be permitted so that one may choose (or not choose) the one they believe to be most logical/correct. Gained a following during the enlightenment. |
|
|
Term
| Separation of church and state |
|
Definition
| Came from the idea of religious tolerance and asserted that the state did not have the right to meddle in religious affairs of institutions or individuals and vice versa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Claimed "natural religion" and based it solely on the natural instincts that human beings share. |
|
|
Term
| Edward’s Prayer and Common Notions |
|
Definition
| Reveals logically the "natural religion" as proposed by Edward, Lord Herbert of Cherbury. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| based not on particular revelations, nor on historical events, but rather on the natural instincts of every human being. Asserts that belief in a God is most important and therefore other religions besides Christianity may be just as valid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
was a German philosopher.
He wrote The Critique of Pure Reason (1781). Followed Locke in not believing in innate ideas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| named for its understanding of God as one person, in direct contrast to Trinitarianism which defines God as three persons coexisting consubstantially as one in being. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Site of first English colony in North America. Founded mainly to stop Spanish expansion into the north of the continent, but also to trade with indigenous peoples. Established the Church of England in America. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The official church in England. In the UK, called Anglican Church or C of E, but normally called Episcopal Church in the US, though some remain on as Anglican Churches. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first colony founded by Puritans in the New World. They meant to end up in VA, but got off track. This colony was not based on religious freedoms but rather observed strict Calvinist teaching. The half-way covenant was made "where some would remain members of the church through baptism only, while more serious members would need proof through piety to take full communion with the church." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The second formation of the Puritans. They were basically the "Americanized" Puritans. While still relatively conservative in the 1800s, sparring with Sarah Grimke and the equality movement within the church, they were less restrictive than the Puritans, their parent organization. In the middle of the 20th century, they became the United Church of Christ and are considered one of the most liberal churches in the US. Unitarian influence upon the UCC is very great. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Roger Williams left Plymouth to found this city that established religious freedom. He was considered a Baptist and modern American Baptists usually acknowledge him as such. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prominent Baptist who founded Providence, RI. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gained their foothold in the US through Roger Williams in RI, but followed pioneers west and became well establishes in the midwest and south. |
|
|
Term
| Separation of church and state |
|
Definition
| Although posited in the Constitution, the idea of the separation of church and state comes from Locke's ideas that there should be freedom of religion. Not all of the original colonies practiced freedom of religion, but colonies that did: the Baptists in RI, the Quakers in PA and DE, and to some extent Maryland and the toleration of other religions. Colonies that did not: VA and the Anglicans, MA and the Puritans. Other colonies like NY, NJ, and GA, had little on the books regarded to religion, either due to massive variety of religion in the region or to low participation in the church for any denomination (GA). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Founded by William Penn and the Quakers and based on religious freedom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Founder of Pennsylvania and a Quaker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Founded PA and DE and were known for toleration of other sects. Also came to be known for strong abolitionist sentiment and expel all slaveholders from their congregations in 1776. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Signs of religious revival in congregations across the board. Pastors like Jonathan Edwards, William Tennant, and George Whitfield began to see more emotional responses, along the lines of pietism, among their congregations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A blight caused by a fungus imported inadvertently with fertilizer caused massive starvation among these people. They immigrated to America by the thousands and soon constituted much of the American Catholic population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| English, French and German _____ established themselves in Americas first. Then followed by the Irish as a result of the potato famine. Italians, Poles, and Lithuanians were the last great wave of immigration for this religious group in the 1890s. In S. America and Canada, however, this denomination of Christianity was preferred so much so that in Canada, under the French, one must have been a practicing ______ to immigrate to the colony. The US added to this religious population by acquiring the LA Territory and much former Spanish territory from Mexico along with the Islands of Cuba and Puerto Rico. By the mid 1800s_______ were the most populous religious group in America. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the 1790s after the War of Independence, another round of emotional preaching and emotional response that led to the amendment of life and conversion experiences as well as the foundation of voluntary societies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Advocated for the printing of affordable Bibles. |
|
|
Term
| American Colonization Society |
|
Definition
| Formed to resettle former slaves in Liberia. |
|
|
Term
| Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society |
|
Definition
| Founded in 1832, the first Anti-Slavery society movement led solely by women. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wrote "On the Equality of the Sexes" and promoted parity between men and women in Christianity and also an end to African Slavery. She was criticized for speaking to mixed audiences by the Congregationalists. Was a Quaker. |
|
|
Term
| Letters on the Equality of the Sexes |
|
Definition
| Written by Sarah Grimke. Points out how the translators of the Bible had interpreted it in a misogynistic way and pointed out Biblical references that would lead one to conclude that the sexes should be equal as far as the Bible is concerned. |
|
|
Term
| African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church |
|
Definition
| Founded by Richard Allen in Philadelphia, PA in 1814 and was one of the first African American denominations in the country. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Idea that science and technology progressing will solve all problems, accompanies the industrial revolution and is sometimes seen as negative by some church groups. particularly the 19th century Catholic church leaders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Writer of On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)
All of nature is progressing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Wrote Communist Manifesto (1848)
Ruling classes have invented religion to rule over the working class.
But social structures will change
and classless society must evolve.
Social structures are progressing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mind functions both at conscious and subconscious level
Instincts of sex and aggression, if suppressed, continue to operate on subconscious level
Human personality develops over time and development can be steered. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Orientalist, Philosopher, Linguist. Bible has evolved from oral tradition, then from various written traditions; church teachings also have evolved and changed over the years. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Asserted that Jesus was like any other man and that the Biblical narrative should not be read devoid of social, economic, etc., situations. Made the case for Pontius Pilate and how a Roman punishment was carried out for a Jewish crime, but that Pilate tried to spare Jesus' life and the Judeans would not have it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
instructor at Jesuit College of Stoneyhurst in Lancastershire, England in 1891
Revelation is the documented experience or spiritual insight of the Church.
The language that the church uses to write down this insight is influenced by the culture of the environment.
So if want to communicate revelation, need to express it in language of modern culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prof. of Bible in Paris
Religious views have been evolving.
Christian faith is a “living faith” which is continually developing in response to the changing conditions of its social and cultural environment.
Since the faith is developing, dogma, liturgy, and church order must also develop.
Excommunicated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Document issued by Pope Pius that rejected the separation of church and state and denied that Protestantism was Christianity as well, among many other things. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1869-1870, instates the Doctrine of Papal Infallibility. |
|
|
Term
| Doctrine of papal infallibility |
|
Definition
| When the pope speaks ex cathedra, defining a doctrine regarding faith and morals, he is infallible. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Professor at the University of Tübingen. Used Hegel's ideas to come up with: Thesis: Christianity began as messianic Judaism with Peter as its leader.
Antithesis: Pauline Christianity developed in opposition to messianic Judaism.
Synthesis: Christianity as found at the end of the first century AD. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
God is immanent in the world.
Human beings, when faced with God, feel finite, limited, temporary, dependent.
This feeling of dependence is the basis of all religion.
Christ is the reconciliation of the finite with the universal, the temporal with the eternal, the union of God and man.
Christ is also the mediator of the reconciliation to others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Professor at the University of Tübingen
Life of Jesus (1835)
Gospel of John is of little historical worth.
Gospel of Matthew must be earliest, but not written by eyewitnesses, either. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As described by the Evangelical Alliance,_____ has nine tenants. |
|
|
Term
| Evangelical Alliance 1846 |
|
Definition
This was an association of Protestants belonging to various denominations.
They adopted a document which identified 9 doctrines as the substance of the Gospel: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. The Divine inspiration, authority, and sufficiency of the Holy Scripture;
2. the right and duty of private judgment in the interpretation of the Holy Scripture;
3. the unity of the Godhead and the Trinity of Persons therein;
4. the utter depravity of human nature in consequence of the fall;
5. the Incarnation of the Son of God, His work of atonement for sinners, and his mediatorial intercession and reign;
6. the justification of the sinner by faith alone;
7. the work of the Holy Spirit in the conversion and sanctification of the sinner;
8. the immortality of the soul, the resurrection of the body, the judgment of the world by Jesus Christ, with the eternal blessedness of the righteous and the eternal punishment of the wicked;
9. the Divine institution of the Christian ministry, and the obligation and perpetuity of the ordinances of Baptism and the Lord's Supper. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a foreign power encroaches on a people to exploit them or their resources economically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “God had placed the benefits of western civilization and Christian faith in the hands of white people – both Europeans and North Americans – in order for them to share with the rest of the world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| While most were genuinely concerned with the conversion of native peoples, some, even if unwittingly, opened the door for colonial exploitation. For this, sometimes missions as seen as killing other cultures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| founded what later became the Baptist Missionary Society in 1792. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Hindu Brahmin convert to Christianity She established the Mukti Mission in 1889 as a refuge for young widows who were abused by their families |
|
|
Term
| Baptist Missionary Society |
|
Definition
| Founded by William Carey and did lots of work in India. Under Carey, the Society translated the Bible in to 33 Indian languages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
founded the China Inland Mission
Employed missionaries of all denominations
Established hundreds of churches in various areas of the country |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Baptist teacher and evangelist in China |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Founded by J. Hudson Taylor and employed missionaries from several denominations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most famous Protestant missionary in Africa
Was unsuccessful as a missionary in Southern Africa
But made geographical discoveries for European knowledge
Inspired abolitionists of the slave trade |
|
|
Term
| World Missionary Conference, Edinburgh |
|
Definition
attended by 1,200 official delegates of European and American Protestant missionary societies; only 17 reps from “younger” churches were present.
No delegates from the Roman Catholic or Orthodox churches were invited.
Its goal was to exchange information and coordinate plans among missionary societies.
It did not discuss matters of “faith and order” (=doctrinal questions). |
|
|
Term
| World Council of Churches |
|
Definition
| inter-church organization founded in 1948 arising from the ecumenical movement. |
|
|
Term
| Second Vatican Council (=Vatican II) |
|
Definition
| Realigned the Catholic church with modernity. Allowed some aspects of the church service to be performed in the vernacular as opposed to the Latin. Also it moved to recognize other denominations as Christians. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| looked at the entirety of Christian doctrine from the perspective of the poor. The Vatican disliked it from the outset and many of the wealthy opposed it. Some westerners call it Marxist theology due to the intense scrutiny placed on the ills caused by capitalism: poverty being the main one. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Catholic Peruvian scholar and theologian that advanced the Liberation Theology or Marxist Theology. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Written by Gutierrez. Examines the the situation of the poor and what Christianity has to offer them. Criticized by the Catholic church, probably because it seems to be coming through a rather socialist lens, from the outset. Has caused some strife for the preachers who use it. Some priests were killed in Guatemala because they were deemed subversive for using liberation theology. |
|
|
