"Desolating Sacrilege" and Hasmonean Dynasty

Inspired Apocalyptic expectations

Jews divided politically and religiously

Hagiography & History

born ca 7-4 BCE, Artisan in Galilee

spoke Aramaic, some Hebrew,Greek & Latin

at 30, begins life as peripatetic

thaumaturge-man who preforms miracles

befriends brigands and prostitues

Criticizes religious authorities

Amasses a group of ardent followers

disrespects the Temple and the Priesthood

Profanes the Sabbath

Blasphemously calls God "daddy" (Abba)

Preaches Social Justice

THE JESUS SECT

"Little Christs" a sect within Judaism

Echarist: based on Passover Deder

Re-interpreted Jewish Scriptures

 "New Covenant" with Jesus as "Messiah"

"NC" expressed by letters and "messengers" (Apostles)

teachings handed down by Apostolic Succession

Church is for illegal 300 yrs

Many conflicting "Gospels" and "Epistles" exist

Multiple understandings of who Jesus was

miraculous conversion

Apostle to the Gentiles

plants and mentors churches in Asia/Europe

immediate controversy

Jesus fulfilled the "Old Covenant"

de-emphasizes fullfillment of Jewish laws

emphasizes Crucifixion and Resurrection

Epistles in the "New Covenant"

 "secret" Knowleged of Christian teachings

dualistic: Spirit(good)/Matter(evil)

Jesus from Realm of Spirit

scriptures foun d at Nag Hammadi

wealthy ship owner from Sinope

 God of Moses- Demiurge:traps spirits in vessels

Christian scriptures separate of Jew's

single gospel

rejected Paul's letters

no centralized doctrine/understanding

variant Christologies, Canons & Teachings

problem of martyrdom & betrayal

influence of local/traditional religions

CHRISTOLOGICAL ISSUES

(who was Jesus & what was his nature)

Arius-he was a man; not eternal

Monophysites-he was on Divine&Human nature

Nestorians-two separate natures;Divine&Human

Orthodox-one person w/ Divine&Human natures

worshipped Appollo

Battle of Milvian Bridge-saw cross in heavens

uses Christianity to stabilize Empire

321 CE- "Sun" day becomes holiday

Paganism persisted a long time in countryside

Trinitarian- Father, Son & Holy Spirit

Jesus is homoousious with the Father

Human,Suffered,Died,Hell & Resurrected

Son is begotten of the Father and the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father

CANONIZATION

epistels, gospels and Apocalypses in circulation

no standard lis of authoritative texts

New Testament Canon stabilized 327 CE

The Didache did not make it

Mary-Theotokos (God bearer)

east celebrates Annunciation and Dormition

Doctrine of Assumption deveops in 7th Century

Immculate Conception Sixtus IV

5 Patriarhcates;  Holy Sees 4-11th Centuries

Rome, Constantinople,

 Antioch, Alexandria,

Jerusalem

Christological issues persist

Nestorians & Monophysites challenge orthodox belief

Christ-Divine&Human w/o confusion, one will

Monphysites &Nestorians leave Oikumene

Calcedonian-Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic

Non-Calcedonian-Oriental Orthodox: Ethiopian(mono), Syriac(nest), Coptic(mono)

EAST & WEST

Cyril&Methodius travel to Slavic lands

Slavic language Cyrillic alphabet

Prince Vladimir accepts Chrisitianty faith

Russia practices the Greek Rite

FILIOQUE

(and the Son)

fight Arians; added w/o Ecumenical ratification

Bishop of Rome only patriarch to accept it

they excommunicate each other

GREAT SCHISM

(5 Holy Sees)

Roman Church-reformation churches

Eastern Orthodox- Greek, Antiochan, Russian National Orthodox Churches

FAITH & REASON

use of icons called into question-Judaism&Islam condemn icons

Nicea 787  affirms icons as rfemider of incarnation

Christian iconography follows stylistic rules

meant to be a communication w/ the divine

non-realistic, meant to reflect archetypal truth

APOPHATIC

empty the mind of all false images via Negativa

greater in eastern churches

fear of imposing concepts on God

re-create Him in our own image

affirm traces of God in Creation via Positiva

nature of God can bbe discerned through His effects

"He who has seen me has seen the Father" Jn 14:9

created in the image&likeness of God

disfigured by sin

Jesus came to re-unite the image&likeness of God

we follow him by free will

HESYCHASM

tradition that developed in the East

"Prayer of the Heart"

EUCHARIST

(Mass,Communion)

Sacrament

participant must understand its significance

Transubstantiation:bread&wind become body of Christ

consecrated by a Priest

Eastern Rite Churches in Communion w/ Rome

Liturgy(public worship) was in Latin until 1965

survives in East and West

Monasteries&Convents follow both Physical&Spiritual traditions

Cluniac Fathers

Cistercians formed as reaction to Cluniacs(took vow of silence) Trappists

Carthusians:made a famous liqueur

Native of Thagaste

master of Neo-Platonism

"Confessions"&"City of God"

emphasized Original Sin & importance of Grace

vow of proverty

St. Francis of Assissi

Ignatius Loyola:order with military displine

Spiritual Exercises manual for prayer & discipline

JESUITS

an aggressive missionary order became teaching order

established schools all over the world

crusades create new need for philosophy

Savants read "Ancient Texts"

Jan Hus/John Wycliffe attempt to translate Bible

Augustinian Friar upset with "indulgences"

10/31/1517 95 Theses Wittenberg Church

students translate/ printing press to spread

1521 Diet of Worm, refuses to recant

"Here I stand, I can do nothing else!

Lawyer, Classical Scholar, Renaissance "Humanist"

Institues of the Christian Religion 1536

starts study in 1720's Oxford

"Methodical"

Methodists diverge form Anglicanism

movement starts in Lutheran&Calvinist circles

movement seeks spontaneous kind of devotion

emphasizes conversion experience

several continental groups emphasized adult baptism

most are pietist and non-conformist

Henry VIII, "Defender of the Faith", divorce

declares himself "Supreme Head of the Church"

1534 Henry confiscates Catholic property

High Church- more Catholic

Low Church- less Catholic

shrine founded by Ibrahim

near the well of ZamZam

angel brought white "celestial stone" which absorbed sins and turned black

shrine fell prey to Polytheism

near-constant tribal warfare prevailed

JIHAD

(JaHaDa)

struggle or effort

etymologically has nothing to do with "war" (harb)

ijtihad-individual reasoning has the same root

"Greater Jihad"-Religious Struggle 

"Lesser Jihad"-defense of the faith, with arms if necessary

ALLAH

(The God)

Unique, Transcendent and without partners

nothing is like him "Tanzih"

yet he affirims similarity "Tashbih"

the 99 "beautiful names" in the Quran

the moon God

major God of the Kaaba

perhaps associated with the God "Baal" in the Jewish Scriptures

"The Goddess"

goddess of the underworld

equated with Athena

mother of all goddesses

morning star

equated with Venus and Aphrodite

death and time

equated with Nemesis

Wife of Hubal

son of Abd al Muttalib

Muhammad's uncle

reputation for judiciousness & honesty

disgusted by injustice in Mecca (treatment of orphans & women)

infuenced by Hanifas

travels with mercantil caravans

gains trust of wealthy widow Khadidhah bint Khuwaylid

married at age 25, Khadidhah age 40

wife of Muhammad

40 years old

wealthy widow

the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, which lasts 29 or 30 days

the Islamic month of fasting

natural religion

all soulds stood before God before birth

attested to Tawhid

human nature is forgetfulness

God sent prophets speaking every language

recitation "root Q R" read or recite

direct Word of God, untranslatable

compiled in Caliphate of Uthman

114 Surahs divided into Aya(t)

all humanity created from a single cell

could have been a single "ummah" had God willed

purpose is to know God and one another

humankind

made of clay

God breathed life into Humankind

humans are forgetful, ungrateful and self-destructive

humans are morally responsible

prophet in a general sense

they remind people of Tawhid

there have been 124 K Nabis

all people of the earth have Nabis

messenger

Rasul has a "Book", A dispensation-bearing Prophet

reminds forgetful people of Tawhid

Moses has Tawrah

Jesus has Injil

Muhammad has Quran

AHL AL KITAB

(People of the Book)

made of light

God tells angels to bow before man

mad of "smokeless fire"

God tells Jinn to bow before man

Jinn refuses and becomes humankind's open enemy

 "Caliph"

868-?

Muhammad ibn Hassan

Shahaddah:witness

Salat:prayer

Sawm:Ramadan Fast

Zakat:purification, Alms

Hajj:prilgrimage to Mecca

AHL AL BAYT

(People of the household)

Surely God wishes to take away all abomination, O people of the house, and purify you with a great purification (Qur'an 33:33)

Fatima, Ali, Hassan and Husayn are the immediate descendants of Muhammad

18 Dhu al Hijjah 10 AH( 10 march 632 CE)

Ali ibn Abi Talib named "Mawla"

"Of whomsoever I have been Mawla, Ali is to be his Mawla. O Allah, be a supporter of whomever supports him and an enemy of whoever opposes him"

RASHIDUN

(The Rightly-Guided Caliphs)

"Khalif"-Deputy; Successor

Abu Bakr

Umar ibn Khattab

Uthman ibn Affan

Ali ibn Abi Talib

claims Caliphate against Yazid ibn Mu'awiyah

martyed at Karbala 10 Oct 680

7th Imam (d. 762)-Ismailis

Musa ibn Jafaar "Al Kazim 745-799)

followers of Zayd b.Ali (grandson of Husayn d.740) known as "Fivers"

do no believe in "Hidden Imam"

believe any descendant of Ali can be Imam

merit is more important than lineage

today most Zaydis live in Yemen

Ismail b. Jafaaar 7th Imama (d.726 CE) is in occultation

ruled N. Africa 909 to 1171 (Egypt 969 to 1171)

very complex system of metaphysics

7 pillards: Wilaya, Tahara, Salat, Zakat, Sawm, Hajj, Jihad

largest group of Shiites

official Relifion of Iran since 1501 CE

"Mujtahids" (Grand Ayatollah;Hojjat al Islam)-advise in absence of Imam al Mahdi

"Ahl al Sunnah"-people of Tradition

Ulamah(the learned) make legal rulings

no imamate

85 to 90% of all Muslims

Sunni Dynasty

(661-750CE)

Sunni Dynasty

(750-750CE)

Sunni Dynasty

Ottoman Empire (Central Asia & Eastern Europe 1299-1923)

Sunni dynasty

Moghul Empire (India 1526-1858)

fiqh-Jurisprudence

usul al fiqh-roots of jurisprudence

revelation and reason are completely compatible

Ibn Sina (d. 1037) wrote the "Canon of Medicine" used in medical schools for 700 years

God is wholly other and is sovereign

reason is an inadequate guide

God cannot be fathomed and is no way bound by our experience

Suf-wool garment

Dhikr "Remembrance" of God

Tariqa(Path);Shaykh(Leader);Murid(Student)

Hal(State) Maqam(Station)

Sufism formed an early psychological science

Caliph(656-661 CE)

controversy over Uthman's murder

Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan opposes Ali

Battle of Siffin 657 CE

Ali agrees to arbitration

assassinated by a "Kharijite" in 661