Term
Challenges to Christianity from within
Naturalistic Materialism |
|
Definition
*Ludwig Feuerbach
-Religion is a human creation...we project human attributes on a "God"
-Says we should focus on humanity instead. |
|
|
Term
Challenges to Christianity from within
Economic Materialism |
|
Definition
*Karl Marx
-Need to focus on concrete economic situation of people.
-Religion serves to support the existing social structure. |
|
|
Term
Challenges to Christianity from within
Psychological Materialism |
|
Definition
*Sigmund Freud
-Religion is an attempt to appease the powerful father-figure.
-It has become inadequate.
-It used to suppress natural urges, but now it just causes personal dilemma. |
|
|
Term
Challenges to Christianity from within
Biological Materialsim |
|
Definition
*Charles Darwin
-Reproduction causes variation.
-Some variations are helpful.
-Natural selection determines which variations survive and which don't. |
|
|
Term
Challenges to Christianity from within
New Approaches to biblical Studies |
|
Definition
-Textual criticism
-Source criticism
-Quest for historical Jesus |
|
|
Term
| Conservative Reaction (Fundamentalism) |
|
Definition
(One trend Christians in America respond to challenges from within and from without)
-Want to reject new ideas |
|
|
Term
| Modernist Reaction (Social Gospel) |
|
Definition
(One trend Christians in America respond to challenges from within and from without)
-Allow for new ideas |
|
|
Term
Bebbington's Definition
Four Characteristics of Evangelicals=focus on: |
|
Definition
1.) The need for conversion
2.) The need for activism
3.) Centrality of the Bible
4.) Importance of the Crucifixion |
|
|
Term
Origins of Christian Funamentalism
The Fundamentals |
|
Definition
-Established 5 fundamental Christian Doctrines:
1.)The virgin birth of Jesus
2.) The physical resurrection of Jesus
3.) the inerrancy of the bible
4.)Substitutionary atonement
5.)Physical second coming of Christ
~Especially fond of premillennial dispensationalism |
|
|
Term
| Reassertence of Fundamentalism on a denominational level in late 1970s |
|
Definition
The Southern Baptist Convention
-Seized control of convention agencies and committees then of seminaries and colleges. |
|
|
Term
| Fundamentalist reassergence on a national level in late 1970s |
|
Definition
Political Activity beginning in the 1980s (The Moral Majority)
Political Causes:
-Abortion, evolution in schools, homosexuality, communism, school prayer. |
|
|
Term
Social Gospel Variation
Emphasis on Individual Suffering |
|
Definition
*Salvation Army
-Emphasized relief of individual suffering.
-Founded by William and Catherine Booth in England in 1865.
*Charles Sheldon
-"In His Steps"-1886
-Emphasis was on improving individual situation |
|
|
Term
Social Gospel Variation
Progressive Reformers |
|
Definition
-Wanted to improve society through government intervention
-Saw society as an organism-we are interdependent
-The state is established by God to distribute God's love. |
|
|
Term
Social Gospel Variation
Socialists |
|
Definition
*Walter Raushenbusch
-Sought to establish Kingdom of God on earth.
-Kingdom would be a place of justice and equality. |
|
|
Term
Contemporary Worship Tradition
Liturgical |
|
Definition
| Have detailed liturgies that order worship |
|
|
Term
Contemporary Worship Tradition
Semi-liturgical |
|
Definition
| Retain simplified liturgical elements |
|
|
Term
Contemporary Worship Tradition
Free-Church |
|
Definition
| Follow more primitive model for worship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Bill Hybels and the Willow Creek Community Church
-Began as youth minister
-Service was de-sacralized
-Intended to appeal to those turned off by traditional trappings of church.
-Avoided traditional language
-More uplifting and non judgmental
*Rick Warren's Saddleback Church
-Such services were criticized by traditional Christians as being "dumbed-down" worship. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Richard Allen and Absalom Jones kicked out of church for kneeling in white-only section
-Church founded 1816 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NYC 1796: all black members walk out of church and form their own church
-African Methodist Zion Church |
|
|
Term
| National Baptist Convention |
|
Definition
-Founded in Georgia in 1895
-2nd largest Baptist denomination in the world (Southern Baptist Convention is largest) |
|
|
Term
Denominational Schisms in the 1840s
Methodists |
|
Definition
MEC= Methodist Episcopal Church
1844-Bishop Andrew of Georgia removed from office for slaveholding
1845=SBC formed (Methodist Episcopal Church, South) formed |
|
|
Term
Denominational schism in the 1840s
Baptists |
|
Definition
-The Triennial Convention
1844= Mission society refuses to appoint Georgia slaveholder
-1845= SBC formed (Southern Baptist Convention) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1826
=American Temperance Society formed
-urged people to take a pledge not to consume hard liquor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1830s= a new national temperance society formed
-demanded total abstinence
-No alcoholic beverage of any kind could be consumed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1850s= movement from "moral suasion" towards legal prohibition.
-a dozen states enact statewide prohibition, but not in south |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Women's Christian Temperance Union
-temperance mvmt fist time women speak out publicly on political topic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Roots in Methodism
~Wesley=perfection of love, progressive sanctification
~Charles Finney=moral perfection
~Phoebe Palmer= began to speak of instant sanctification...all Christians should claim perfection |
|
|
Term
The Holiness Movement
Keswick Movement |
|
Definition
Holy Spirit continually counteracts sinfulness in us.
-Called this the "baptism of the Holy Spirit" |
|
|
Term
Pentecostal Movement
Charles Fox Parham |
|
Definition
Charles Fox Parham
-starts Bethel Bible College
*Sought the "third blessing"
1.)Conversion
2.)sanctification
3.) Baptism of the Holy Spirit |
|
|
Term
Pentecostal Movement
William Seymour |
|
Definition
Taught similar ideas as Charles Fox Parham
-Led revivals that lasted for months
-believed movement would pave way for Second Coming (of Jesus) |
|
|
Term
Pentecostalism
Snake Handling |
|
Definition
called themselves "sign churches"
-believe they are true followers of New Testament
-started handling snakes by early 1920s |
|
|
Term
Pentecostalism
Faith Healing |
|
Definition
-Focus on healing begins in 1940s
*more widely help aspect of Pentecostalism
-A.A. Allen would have people step forward and he would heal them.
~Physical illness and poverty become signs of lack of faith. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Pentecostalism in mainline denominations"
-emerges in early 1960s
-Those in mainstream denominations who receive Baptism of the Holy Spirit but don't leave denomination.
*Emphasize gifts of Holy Spirit...speaking in tongues and healing |
|
|
Term
Challenges to traditional Christian beliefs (19th century)
Challenges from within |
|
Definition
*Growth of liberal theology (from Germany)
undermines traditional theological ideas & interpretations of Bible |
|
|
Term
Challenges to traditional Christian beliefs (19th century)
Challenges from OUTSIDE |
|
Definition
*New critiques of religion in general, and Christianity especially, emerge in Europe
and challenge Christianity's cultural dominance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Freidrich Schleiermacher
-Incorporate MODERN thinking and science into theology
-emphasize ethical rather than doctrine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Challenge to Christianity
-Time of radical social and cultural change and upheaval |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Challenge to Christianity
-Tension between new arrivals and those already here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Challenge to Christianity
Tension between labor and capitol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Challenge to Christianity
-Increased poverty, squalor, social displacement |
|
|
Term
| Conservative (fundamentalist) Reactions |
|
Definition
1.)Reaffirm authority of church confessions
-Early Lutheran Confessions
2.)Reaffirm authority of Catholic Church
-The Oxford Movement (tradition of Catholic church is anchor)
3.)Reaffirm authority of the Pope
-The infallibility of the Pope (ex cathedra...his words are from God)
4.)Reaffirm authority of the Bible (Inerrancy, Charles Hodge and Plenary/"full" inspiration of Bible) |
|
|
Term
Conservative Reactions
4.) Reaffirm authority of the Bible |
|
Definition
-Inerrancy: "bible contains no errors"
-Charles Hodge
~Plenary ("full") inspiration of Bible.
-Bible was completely reliable storehouse of facts.
~Important to Hodge that it is 100% accurate b/c it is building block for larger claims/ideas |
|
|
Term
| Original Goal of Fundamentalism |
|
Definition
| -Rid Christianity of Modernism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Said a person's social condition is the result of sin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Said social service is nonsense. |
|
|
