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| in relationship to the gods, Christians are atheists because they don’t believe in them; but in relation to the One and Only God, Christians are not |
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ontological argument for God’s existence
The fact that we yearn for perfection means that there is perfection, and that perfection must be God. |
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| Five proofs for the existence of God |
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1. Unmoved Mover
Everything is in motion, and something had to cause that movement.
2. First Cause
The process of causation needed an initial cause
3. The one who began this process of contingent existence is God.
Contingent existence—everything that exists needed something to make it exist
4. Supreme Perfect Being
Once again this image of perfection; where does that come from?
5. Purpose: created things find their fulfillment in relation to God.
Everything exists for a purpose; so that purpose is God. |
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| 3 responses to the problem of evil |
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o Limited theism—God doesn’t fix it because his powers are limited
o Moral argument—God didn’t cause it but allows it for a purpose
o Causal argument—what we perceive as evil is not necessarily evil |
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| God in heaven and is greater than us on earth; beyond our comprehension |
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| God’s presence within the world is the source of life; God is in everything and is working constantly |
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| unchangeable/not changing |
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| • Suggest that God is not immutable, rather mutable. He is always changing and always developing. • Suggests that evil is the dark side of God |
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| Said that Father, Son, and Holy spirit are three manifestations of God |
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| Prior to Jesus’ baptism, he was an ordinary man. When Jesus was baptized, the spirit entered. Jesus was “adopted” by God. |
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o God takes different forms at different times
o Counter—Jesus’ baptism (all three present at the same time) |
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| Council of Nicea decision |
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| the son and the father are both eternal and divine. The son is God to the same degree of father |
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| said there is one God. Jesus is not God, rather the first creation by God in which God created everything else |
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| Council of Constantinople |
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| ather, son, and spirit are all fully God and full divine; however there are distinctions |
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| Father, Son, Holy Spirit are all the same as every other god; all gods are the same |
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| Says that Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are separate beings |
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| the separateness or transcendence of God makes Him separate or distinct from us |
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Denial of the reality of God’s wrath because “God is love”
o A loving God cannot anger |
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anger against sin is fully disclosed in Christ’s death on the cross.
The exercise of God’s wrath becomes a display of His love for human beings and all of creation |
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| due to original sin, we are incapable of righteousness. We must have God’s grace to have salvation. It is necessary for salvation |
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o Idea of corporate election
o God’s grace is necessary for salvation, and this grace comes through Christ.
o In order to receive salvation, we must be elected by God (Calvinism).
o HOWEVER just as all people are impacted by the fall (first Adam) and are subject to his wrath, we are impacted by Christ’s death (the second Adam) and grace is made available to all of us.
o Still Calvinist—no part of TULIP gone—we are all elect; atonement is limited, but to those who are in Christ.
o Barth out-Calvins Calvin. |
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| no longer actively involved in nature/history, if He ever was |
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| God’s revelation is available to all people |
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| Involves nature, creation, history and special revelation is not needed to provide an adequate view of God |
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| Three loci of general revelation |
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1. Nature/creation – Romans 1:20
2. History – OT – Israel, NT – Jesus and then to whole church
3. Human nature – Gen 1:27
• Spiritual
• Moral
• Relational
• Sense of will and purpose |
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| The Bible is simply a witness to the Word of God |
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| Limited Inspiration Theory |
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o God inspired the thoughts of the writers, not necessarily the words.
o Associated with theological liberalism |
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o God spoke the specific words to people, and they wrote down them word for word.
o Opposite of Limited Inspiration Theory |
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• The earth is somewhere between 6 and 12 thousand years old.
• A more literal reading of Genesis |
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| Old Earth Creationism: “Age-day Theory” |
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• The earth is a few billion years old.
• “Age-day Theory”—each day represents thousands or millions of years |
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| • The earth evolved and developed through evolutionary processes; God used the process of evolution to bring the Earth into existence |
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• Tries to take a more literal account of Genesis 1, but also the account of the apparent age of the universe.
• A gap between Genesis 1 and Genesis 2.
• The same earth, redone? |
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| only used for God’s creation/creative activity |
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| • Creation out of nothing |
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• Divides humans into three parts—body, soul, spirit
• What distinguishes us and animals. |
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there are two parts, body and spirit/psychological
o The mind and body are different; the soul is directional of the body and the body informs the soul |
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| • An explanation of the physical world by saying that all of the world's objects are composed of a single element |
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Physical and spiritual aspects of human nature are distinct, but interactive
• Christ can only redeem what he had seen—thus had to take on a human body and a human spirit and a human soul. |
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| Avar (Heb), Parabasis (Grk) |
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| transgression, breaking a law, crossing a boundary |
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| Pasha (Heb), Apatheia (Grk) |
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| rebellion, disobedience, indifferent to what God wants |
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| Chatha (Heb), Hamartia (Grk) |
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| miss the mark, deviate from the norm, comes from archery |
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Free will
• Every person is born in a sinless condition
• Each person has the ability to choose whether or not we will sin |
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• We do not enter the world in the same state that Adam and Eve did
• We enter in a sinful condition/state because Adam & Eve’s sinful state was passed on to us through traducianism (inherit sin biologically through procreation) |
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Reformed view
• Adam represented the head of the human race; when he sinned he broke the original covenant between God and His creation.
• Result=we are broken into the condition of a broken relationship between God and man |
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| 3 Strategies for Overcoming Sin |
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1. Reform
• The need for repentence; turning away from the old life and beginning a new life
2. Revolution
• Sees sin as primarily societal; attemps to overcome sin by overturning the evil structures of society
3. Regeneration
• Spiritual transformation as a result of new birth (John 3:1-6; 2 Cor. 5:17) |
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| Results of sin affecting our relationship with God |
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• Punishment
• Guilt
• Shame
• Death |
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| Results of sin Affecting the Sinner: |
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• Enslavement to sin
• Denial of Personal Responsibility
• Insensitivity
• Self-centeredness
• Restlessness |
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| Results of sin Affecting Human Relationships |
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• Competition
• Rejection of authority
• Inability to empathize
• Inability to forgive
• Inability to love |
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| Eastern formula of trinitarian theology |
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Father
↓
Son
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Spirit
Spirit proceeded from the Father through the Son |
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| Western formula of trinitarian theology |
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Father & Son
↓ ↓
Spirit
Spirit comes from the father and the son
Attributes more equality to the Father and the Son |
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| holy, clean, unadulterated, pure |
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| righteous; to be straight |
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• Hesed
• Eleos
• Oiktermos |
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