Term
|
Definition
| inhibits sodium-potassium atp-ase. leads to intracellular concentraiton of Na, inhibiting sodium-calcium antiport exchanger. finally increases calcium in SR....used to increase cardiac contractability |
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Term
|
Definition
| inhibits microtubular function and therefore inhibits mitosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| analogous to nucleus. in prokaryotes, supercoiled dna in center of cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| separate from nucleoid, dna to help cell adapt to unusual circumstances |
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|
Term
| function of prokaryotic cytoskeleton |
|
Definition
| cell division, protection, shape, polarity |
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Term
|
Definition
| bacteria has purple stain, showing lots of peptidoglycan |
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Term
|
Definition
| pink stain, thin peptidoglycan surrounded by thin outer membrane |
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|
Term
| plant/algae cell membrane made from? fungi? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| secondary cell wall material in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| advantages of eukaryotic organelles |
|
Definition
1. allows divided cytoplasm
2. increases chem reactions by grouping enzymes/substrates together |
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|
Term
| 4 main differences b/w pro and euk cells |
|
Definition
1. euks have membrane-bound nucleus
2. euk cells are larger
3. euk cells have more internal membrane
4. euk cells have diverse/dynamic cytoskeleton |
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|
Term
| similarity between pro and euk cells? |
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Definition
| packed with dynamic, highly integrated structures. |
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Term
| describe the structure of the nucleus |
|
Definition
1. surrounded by double-membrane nuclear envelope
2. inside surface of membrane is the nuclear lamina - fibrous protein for structure/shape |
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Term
|
Definition
| site of ribosome/RNA assembly |
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Term
| describe the nuclear envelope |
|
Definition
double lipid bilayer membranes
continuous with rough ER |
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Term
| exports/imports of nuclear pore complex |
|
Definition
export: mRNA, ribosomes
import: proteins needed in the nucleus
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Term
|
Definition
- 50 proteins
- requires energy |
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Term
|
Definition
how molecules are imported into the nucleus: nuclear localization signal
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
proteins are glycosylated in rough ER: joins a polysaccharide to a protein
makes protein ready for shipment |
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Term
|
Definition
| protein folding and processing, transportation, site for chemical reactions |
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Term
| function of smooth ER (3) |
|
Definition
1. fatty acid/phospholipid production
2. can break down poisonous lipids
3. stores Calcium ions |
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|
Term
| what carries materials to and from organelles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pancakes that form the golgi |
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Term
|
Definition
| ER -> cis membrane -> medial cysternae -> trans membrane -> trans golgi network |
|
|
Term
| how to proteins travel in the golgi? |
|
Definition
| they maintain orientation, amino terminal enters first. travel by vesicles |
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|
Term
| name 4 destinations of proteins from golgi |
|
Definition
- stay in golgi
- lysosomes
- plasma membrane
- exported via secretory vesicle |
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Term
|
Definition
-center for oxidation reactions
-catabolism of vert long chain fatty acids |
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Term
|
Definition
| specialized peroxisomes in plants that have enzymes that oxidize fats to store energy |
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Term
|
Definition
- digestive center
- only in animal cells
- tends to be acidic |
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|
Term
| name the 3 types of endocytosis |
|
Definition
1. pinocytosis
2. phagocytosis
3. receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| fluid uptake and small molecules |
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|
Term
|
Definition
injestion of huge molecules
goes to lysosome |
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|
Term
| receptor-mediated endocytosis |
|
Definition
| -forms endosome (early), recycles receptors with inserted protons to lower pH, endosome (late), then goes to lysosome |
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|
Term
| 4 ways to get to lysosomes |
|
Definition
- phagocytosis
- autophagy
- from endomembrane system
- receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| when missing an enzyme, can't digest a product so concentration within lysosome, leads to disease. treatment: enzyme replacement |
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Term
|
Definition
| how proteins enter the endomembrane system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| signal recognition particle |
|
|
Term
| describe vesicle transportation |
|
Definition
- proteins have tags that lead them to certain receptors on trans gogli wall
- proteins on vesicle surface interact with receptors at the destination |
|
|
Term
| how do microtubules grow? |
|
Definition
on + end
tubulin is dymerized and then added to the chain
uses GDP as energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- stability
- movement (esp. in mitosis)
- track for intracellular transport |
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|
Term
| microtubule organizing center in animals |
|
Definition
centrosomes
contains 2 centrioles |
|
|
Term
| how are centrioles oriented? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motor protein for microtubules |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| long, hairlike projections |
|
|
Term
| difference between bacterial and eukaryotic flagella |
|
Definition
bact: made of flagellin, rotate
euk: made of microtubules, wave |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| entire structure of 9 + 2 arrangement |
|
|
Term
| where does axoneme attach to cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what links the microtubule doublets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain how cilia/flagella move |
|
Definition
| dynein is hydrolyzed by ATP and changes shape to "walk" up microtubule. bending -> swimming motion |
|
|
Term
| how do actin/microfilaments grow |
|
Definition
| a single subunit of g-actin is added one at a time. once added, it is called f-actin |
|
|
Term
| where are actin filaments located |
|
Definition
| right inside the cell to help define shape |
|
|
Term
| function of actin filaments? (3) |
|
Definition
| with myosin, can do cell crawling, cytokinesis, and cytoplasmic streaming |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds f-actin, preventing depolymerization and poisoning the cell |
|
|
Term
| compare fiber composite/ground substance between animals and plants |
|
Definition
ground substance: gelatinous polysaccharide (animals), pectin (plants)
fiber composite: protein network (animals), cellulose (plants) |
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|
Term
| collagen - function and structure |
|
Definition
-most common ecm protein
-made of 3 winding polypep chains to resist shearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- structural support
- cell-cell adhesion
- protein attachments to connect ECM to cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
| fibronectin functions (4) |
|
Definition
cell adhesion
growth
migration
differentiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
connects integrin with collagen fibers
dimer of sisulfide bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmemb protein that links ECM with actin filaments in cytoskeleton |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| components of a desmosome |
|
Definition
| intermediate filaments, anchoring proteins, linking proteins (cadherins) |
|
|
Term
| what do gap junctions allow through? |
|
Definition
| water, ions, small molecs |
|
|
Term
| what are gap junctions made out of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when is a reaction spontaneous? |
|
Definition
- when potential energy (enthalpy) decreases
- when entropy increases |
|
|
Term
what happens when..
deltaG=0
<0
>0 |
|
Definition
| equilibrium, spontaneous reaction, nonspontaneous reaction |
|
|
Term
| what 3 factors affect reaction rate? what do they depend on? which ones do enzymes address? how do they address it? |
|
Definition
1. # collisions x energy factor x probability factor
2. concentration, temperature, orientation
3. enzymes address energy factor (Eactivation) and probability factor
4. lower Ea and attract substrate/put them in correct orientation |
|
|
Term
| does a catalyst change deltaG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of a substrate does the enzyme affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the 3 stages of enzyme activity and what happens in each |
|
Definition
1. initiation: substrates have high affinity for active site so binds
2. transition: enzyme changes shape -> induced fit -> tighter binding to substrate. interactions with r-groups stabilize transition state, lowering Ea.
3. termination: products have less affinity and are ejected. enzyme bends back and is not used up |
|
|
Term
| explain Km and what it indicates |
|
Definition
| inverse measure of affinity b/w enzymes and substrate. lower Km= greater affinity so lower concentration of substrate needed to achieve a given rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. metal ions
2. coenzymes - small orgo moles - vitamins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bind to active site to help with catalysis but are NOT substrates |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of external enzyme regulation we learned |
|
Definition
1. competitive inhibition
2. allosteric regulation |
|
|
Term
| explain competitive inhibition |
|
Definition
| a similar molec to substrate binds to enzyme, preventing substrate binding |
|
|
Term
| explain allosteric regulation |
|
Definition
- molec binds to spot other than active site to change enzyme shape
- can activate OR deactivate enzyme
- more common than competitive inhibition |
|
|
Term
| why are enzymes externally regulated? |
|
Definition
| the cell doesn't need all products all the time |
|
|
Term
| reaction coupling: what and why |
|
Definition
| coupling a spontaneous (exergonic) with a nonspon reaction (endergonic) to push endergonic reaction to completion |
|
|
Term
| name the 4 stages of glucose processing |
|
Definition
1. glycolysis
2. pyruvate processing
3. krebs/citric acid cycle
4. ETS/oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| what gives ATP its energy? |
|
Definition
| the 4 neg charges on the 3 phosphate groups |
|
|
Term
| name the 3 components of ATP and the names of each P |
|
Definition
| phosphate groups (alpha, beta, gamma), ribose, adenine |
|
|
Term
| which phosphate comes off when ATP is hydrolyzed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inorganic p + substrate: gives protein energy and alters its activity/function. makes endergonic reactions exergonic |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 ways to make ATP |
|
Definition
1. SLP
2. oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| what is SLP and what parts of respiration use it |
|
Definition
a reactive intermediate donates its phosphate to ADP
- glycolysis, citric acid cycle |
|
|
Term
| what is oxidative phosphorylation and what parts of respiration use it |
|
Definition
proton gradient used to add a phosphate to ADP
- chemiosmosis at the end of ETS |
|
|
Term
| what is the overall reaction of respiration |
|
Definition
| C6H12O6 + O2 + ADP + Pi = CO2 + H2O + ATP |
|
|
Term
| what is the overall reaction of fermentation ( really, glycolysis and fermentation) |
|
Definition
| C6H12O6 + O2 + ADP + Pi = small organic moles + ATP |
|
|
Term
| where does each step of respiration occur |
|
Definition
glycolysis: cytoplasm
pyruvate processing: mitochondrial matrix
citric acid cycle: matrix
ETC: inner mitochond membrane of matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to phosphorylate glucose to keep it inside the cell |
|
|
Term
| 1 glucose makes citric acid cycle turn how many times? |
|
Definition
| 2 because it makes 2 pyruvates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reactants and products of glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| glucose +NAD + ADP = ATP + NADH + pyruvate |
|
|
Term
| reactants and products of pyruvate processing? |
|
Definition
| pyruvate + NAD + coenzyme A = acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH |
|
|
Term
| what enzyme catalyzes pyruvate processing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is pyruvate processing regulated? |
|
Definition
| feedback inhibition; negative regulation from high ATP, acetyl CoA, and NADH. positive reg from low ATP, high NAD, high AMP (indicates low ATP) |
|
|
Term
| what is the main point of citric acid cycle |
|
Definition
| series of carboxylic acids oxidized to reduce NAD and FAD to go to ETC |
|
|
Term
| what are the reactants and products of krebs cycle |
|
Definition
| NAD + FAD + ADP + acetyl CoA = NADH + FADH + ATP + CO2 + coenzyme A |
|
|
Term
| how is glycolysis regulated? |
|
Definition
- PFK catalyzes glycolysis - phosphorylates fructose-1-phosphate.
- allosteric control in response to high ATP concentrations
- example of feedback inhibition |
|
|
Term
| how are proteins in ETC oriented? |
|
Definition
- low -> high electronegativity as you move down the chain
- holds tightest to molecules at the end
- highest free energy at the top |
|
|
Term
| what happens as molecs go down the ETC chain? |
|
Definition
| - redox reaction, step down in potential energy, small amt of energy released to push proton through pump |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to accumulate H+ gradient in intermembrane space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ATP production by chemical gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-produces ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, fueled by H+ gradient
- puts H+ back into matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regenerate NAD+ from NADH to allow glycolysis to continue |
|
|
Term
| reactants and products of fermentation |
|
Definition
| pyruvate + NADH = NAD+ + lactate |
|
|
Term
| what is a cell's 2 fundamental requirements and why |
|
Definition
energy -> ATP formation
carbon -> to build macromolecules |
|
|
Term
| what is the hierarchy of molecs for ATP production (most efficient to least) |
|
Definition
1. carbs
2. fats
3. proteins |
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|
