Bruno

Bettelheim

"The Uses of Enchantment"

• Important for study if folktales in lives of children
• Help w/knowledge of cultural mores & right from wrong
• Helps to understand world around them
• EMOTIONAL ORIENTED
• A good book should entertain, arouse the curiosity & stimulate the imagination.

Louise

Rosenblatt

"The Reader, the Text, the Poem"

• Transactional Theory: active engagement between the reader & the text
• It is an event in time NOT an object

Rebecca J.

Lukens

"A Critical Handbook of Children's Literature"

• Vicarious experience
• Focus on life
• Offers an escape & portrays the fragmentation of life

Literature

as

Recreation

• Children must be entertained by what they read!
• Poems by Shel Silverstein
  • Jimmy Jet & His TV Set
  • Smart
  • Sick
• Robert Munsch - Paperbag Princess
• Doreen Cronin - Click, Clack, Moo, Cows That Type

Cognitive

Development

• Literature contain information
• Contains hard knowledge OR cognitive domain ; FACTS!

Piaget

Theory of Cognitive Development

"SPOF" ; gradual progression from one stage to other child develops at their own pace, no age given, must reread favorite books to children to solodify knowledge.

1. Sensorimotor ; baby books (Pat the Bunny), cloth books, nursery rhymes, & songs (Tortillitas Para Mama) (Exploration of environment)
2. Preoperational ; ABC's, #s, symbols, simple alphabet & counting (Ten Little Ladybugs) (Connection of thoughts)
3. Operational ; compare, contrast, reversability (Fast Slow-High Low, The Frog Prince Continued, If You Hopped Like a Frog, Mr.Achimedes' Bath)
4. Formal Operational ; capable of analysis & synthesis (Water for the Dinosaurs & You, The Sea Chest)

Howard Gardner

Theory of Mutliple Intelligences

9 different frames of mind, apply in classroom by diversifying assignments, not apply the same standards to all children

Soft

Knowledge

• Literature contains soft knowledge.
• Also known as affective domain (emotions)
• Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory of Child Development

Bronfenbrenner

Ecological Systems Theory

• External Support
  
  • Macrosystem : Global environmental support
  • Exosytem : Society
  • Mesosystem : Community, school, family, culture
• Internal Support
  • Microsystem : (Child's own internal support)
    
    • Emotional : child's personality & temprament
    • Cognitive: nautral learning ability
    • Biological: health

Maslow's

Hierarchy of Human Needs

Affective domain, cannot progress to the next step unless you have achieved present stage; Charlotte's Web shows all stages

(Start at base of pyramid)

1. Physiological needs; food, water, etc.
2. Safety needs; shelter, safe place
3. Need to love & belong; want to be loved, friends (The Kissing Hand; I'll Always Love You; Somebody Loves You, Mr. Hatch)
4. Self-esteem; feel good (Loudmouth George & his Hornet, Opening Night)
5. Self-actualization; set goals for yourself (Opening Night)

Gesell

Human Behavior Pattern

• Children will go through stages of up & downs
• Cannot expect the child to be happy all the time
• There are typical swings in children's behavior
• only one to attach ages to his stages of development

Kohlberg

Hierarchy of Moral Development

Each child in unique; should not compare to one another. To go from one stage to the next you must come upon a moral dilema, can go through challenges vicariously. Folktales help to develop moral standards.

• Literature permeated w/religion & moral teachings, the people had to be careful w/what they bought, began to learn w/bible.
• Horn Books
• New England Primer; religious lessons, moral lessons
• Foxe's Book of Martyrs; children would want to be good
• A Token for Children; children that accepted death
• They treated children like young adults

• No separation of church & state
• Included alphabet & prayers
• Children used them to play battledore or badminton

Evangelical

Movement

• Wesley; wrote letter to children; train children's morals
• Adult Fiction Titles; children started looking elsewhere for entertainment
  • Robinson Crusoe; adventure story
  • Pilgrim's Progress; moral dilemmas w/adventure
  • Gulliver's Travels; adventure story
• Chapbooks
• Battledores

• Inexpensive books printed on broadside of paper
• Peddlers knows as chapmen sold crudely printed chaps for pennies as they traveled
• 1st chapbook were retellings of traditional tales such as Crusoe
• They are names after the vendor

• Lesson book made of folded cardstock or cardboard
• Used them to play games
• Contained alphabet & prayers, contained illustrations (hand carved)!
• Derived from a hornbook

Beginning of Modern

Children's Lit

• John Newberry: Father of Modern Children's Lit.
  • The Pretty Little Pocket Book; compiliation of stories
  • Believed children should have books that entertain them
• Newberry Award; named after him
  • Highest award in the US for children's lit

Period of Medical Morality:

Hygienist Movement

• Mothercraft Manual: step by step guide on how to parent a child
• Infact Care Bulletins; provided parents with schedules for children, advice on childcare, answered many questions, very strict on how to raise children

Period of Natural

Development

• Rousseu: Emile; child was to read the teaching that would happen, need to be free to discover on their own
• Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
• Gesell
• Isaacs; Nursery Rhymes
• Ribble; Rights of Infants
• Spock; Baby & Child Care
• Bowlby; Maternal Care & Mental Health
• Bracelton: Touchpoints

Illustration in Children's

Literature

• Must help the story work w/the words
• Amos Comenius; father of audio visual education
  • Orbis Pictus: The world of pictures
• Caldecott; integrated illustration w/pictures
  • Caldecott Award; given for illustrations

• Two bad ants; pt. of view: ANTS
• It came from outer space: Spaceship that comes, he is friendly turns out to be human. pt. of view: "ALIENS"
• Seven Blind Mice; together they discover it is an elephant

Ready for Life

(Movie)

• Brain is unfinished at time of birth
• Neuropathways will connect in early life with help of activation.
• Bringing hands to midline will calm person down
• Happiness depends on boding
• Learn a lot from a baby in the 1st 24 hours

Level 1: EXTERNAL Moral values are the result of rules being imposed on you.

• Stage 0: Premoral (infants)
• Stage 1: Obedience & punishment orientation: do the right thing or get punished (Tale of Peter Rabbit, Strega Nona "folktale")
• Stage 2: Reciprocity: Self-interest is paramount: motivation is self interest; selfish; quid pro quo (Charlotte's Web: Templeton)

Level 2: Internal, develop yourself

• Stage 3: Good Boy, Nice Girl Orientation: you want to be helpful to others (Horton Hears a Who/Horton Hatches the Egg; elephant-bird is born)
• Stage 4: Law & Order Orientation: doing one's duty, obeying authority, maintain social order (Oh What a Mess!)

Level 3: Principles of behavior in society (adult level of maturity)

• Stage 5: rules should be obeyed but they can be changed (My Friend's Belief; all types of religion, Charlotte's Web; Fern argues for Wilbur's life)
• Stage 6: Develop background for good decisions, based on good reasoning (# the Stars; people in Denmark went against tradition, Nazi, In My Hands; memories of the holocaust, The House of Scorpion)
• Stage 7: Religious transcendence (Unreachable; people that have a very good moral standard, will become one with what is right, Gandhi)