This is different from developmental psychopathology!

Intense, frequent and persistent maladaptive patterns of emotion, cognition and behavior in many different environments.

• Perceptions about mental health difficulties and care
• Cost
• Funding for prevention
• Structural barriers
• Stigmatization (ex: being ashamed or embarrassed about child needing care)

Emphasize inter/intrapersonal factors (includes cognitive, behavioral and family models).

• Unconscious processes
• Mental representations of self
• Meaningfulness of Experiences
• Developmental origins of disorders

Behavioral Model

Negative vs. Positive

Reinforcement vs. Punishment

The power of environment on an individual. All behaviors are gradually required through learning (conditioning).

Positive-

Negative- 

Reinforcement- positive and negative consequences lead to changes in behavior.

Punishment- directly punishing certain behaviors in an attempt to change it or force it to go away

Focus on social context (e.g. race, gender, ethnicity, SES). Culture is background and major influence of development.

Birth Cohort- individuals born in same historical period will develop similarly

Coherence- the ability to consistenly adapt to relevant issues and challenges throughout time; behavior is not identical

Coherence- the ability to function during relevant issues and challenges throughout time

Equifinality- children with many different backgrounds/contexts ending with the same symptom/disorder

Multifinality- children with the same context/background developing with completely different outcomes

• Skills and talents (ex: school vs. sports)
• Beliefs about his or her effectiveness (mental rep.)
• Personality/Characteristics (shy or confident)
• Accomplishments (stuffs they done)

Contribute to the ability to function in important environments

An increased vulnerability to a disorder

Risk Factor- individual, family or social characteristics

Nonspecific- increased to any disorder

Specific- increased to a certain disorder

Individual- being very easily aroused or hard to soothe makes a child more suseptible to disorders

Family- overly harsh parenting/punishing; discord among siblings

Social- bad SES or neighborhood

Individual- development of self-esteem/confidence

Family- positive parenting and extensive support

Social- a neighborhood with other children that the child can befriend

Classification is the organized system of symptoms and disorders

Diagnosis is the assigning of a classification to an individual

The most common classification is the DSM-IV. However Kendra is a rebel and likes the DC0-3

Identifies disorders and then specifies the defining symptoms. Symptoms are endogenous (doesn't look at environment).

Advantages- there is a clear distinction between normal and abnormal.

Disadvantages- overgeneralized- does not look at individual situation/interaction with environment.

Developed from a manual of just a few disorders to covering hundreds. Very medical.

Looks at symptoms of individual, along with interaction with environment, and then works its way to the disorders (opposite direction of DSM-IV, which starts at the disorder). Focuses on early developmental signs and care-giver child relationship

Advantages- very focused on individual and specific case

Disadvantages- Kendra made this seem near perfect yo. Cannot be used with older children who are further along in development. BAM.

Axis 1: Clinical Symptoms

Axis 2: Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation

Axis 3: General Medical Conditions

Axis 4: Psychosocial Stressors

Axis 5: Functional Emotional Developmental Level

Reliability- difference clinicians always using the same set of criteria, therefore making the same diagnosis

Validity- when a diagnosis provides real, true-to-life, meaningful information about a disorder

Internalizing- over controlled behahviors such as anxiety or depressed mood

Externalizing- under controlled behaviors such as opposational or aggressive behaviors

The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in one individual

Systematic C- when certain types of disorders are likely to occur together

Interviews- with child and parent or each individually.

Standardized Tests- questionaires, scales, etc.

Observation- the hardest but sometimes most useful- watching interaction and child at home or in everyday environment

1. Primary- reducing or eliminating risks and reducing the likelihood of developing a disorder
2. Secondary- treating a child once the early signs of a disorder appear before it is clearly established
3. Tertiary- responding to already present and clinically significant disorders

These behaviors benefit self, others and society. The development of the conscious is the key factor- the inner guidance system responsible for gradual emergence and maintence of self-regulation.

Ex: moral conduct, guilt, discipline, peer relationship

When onset is in childhood there is a life-course persistent (LCP) trajectory

When onset is in adolescence there is an adolescent-limited (AL) trajectory (less problematic throughout time but can still have negative outcomes).

1. Continues with no improvement or deterioration
2. Can continue and worsen into CD and then antisocial personality disorder. 

1. In adolescence, occurs for a short amount of time and can lead to minor impairment to functioning.
2. Reactive-Oppostional- defiant, bad-temper outbursts and stay mad at adults.
3. Pro-active Callus- purposely mean, encourage children to gang up on one, lack remorse
4. Impulsive-Overactive- easily aroused and disruptive

• Parent treatments- improving behavioral skills, responding to bad behavior, giving instructions, rewarding
• Parent treatments- therapy for those who are frustrated
• Children- skills training in controlling behavior, social competency
• Children- medication, treat other disorders (ADHD)

• Child- anger management, cognitive and psychotherapy, problem solving (viewing behaviors of others as less threatening)
• Parent and family- effective parenting, behavioral parent training
• Community- intervention groups, boot camps

• Parent, peers, romantic partners (very important to females) and VIPs all extremely important.
• Look for co-morbidity with anxiety (high correlation); also occurs with depression and self-esteem issues
• Treament should help relationships, self-esteem, depression and anxiety; reduce recidivism
• Mindfulness and Yoga

There are certain periods/opportunities to "touch" into a family system (at critical and sensitive periods of development) and provide anticipatory developmental guidance. Often times a burst in one developmental area decreases performance in another; this scares adults.

Ex: potty training, children eating by themself, walking (new independence), learning to talk

A child's response to certain exepriences and stimuli (reactivity and regulation)

The risk factor is the caregiver's repsonse to challenging temperament plays an important role. Can also be a protective factor. Impatience, harsh parenting, punishment can all lead to negative outcomes.

Pica- eating non-edible substance such as pebbles, paint or dirt (I ate deer poop once)

Rumination- repeated regurgitation of food and then eating it again

Both use the ABC model. Antecedent (what happens before), behaviors (regulation of stimulation and response), consequence (what happens afterwards).

Also look at physiological and environmental factors.

Look at history and passed disorders/biological issues.

Type of insecure attachment.

Relationships relfect inconsistent caregiving behavior

Child will act anxious in front of mother, will go over to mother but act angry or unhappy with them, maybe will show signs of aggression.

Type of insecure attachment

Results from ineffective or innappropriate caregiving.

When in the same room as mother, child will completely ignore them and continue doing whatever they are already doing.

Type of insecure attachment

Result from associating caregiver with frightening or malicious events.

Will see a combination of avoidance and approach in child with mother, however an extreme version of both.

No. They all put infants at a higher risk for certain clinical disorders, but do not guarantee them.

Early attachment relationships impact neurological and personality development. (why they are so important)

Focuses on early childhood and identifies many different types. [image]

This is more comprehensive and detailed.

It has a heavy sensory impact.

Can also impact...sense of safety (world is a safe place), recurring images of frightening event (nightmares, new fears, reenacting event), inaccurate understanding of cause and effect (misattribution of blame), less able to anticipate danger or keep themselves safe (makes them vulnerable).

1. Poor verbal skills
2. Memory issues
3. Learning Disabilities 

1. Excessive Temper
2. Aggression
3. Withdrawn
4. Fear Adults that Remind them of Event

There are about a thousand more

1. Poor Apetite
2. Poor Sleep Habits/Nightmares
3. Stomachaches/Headaches

1. CPP- Child Parent Psychotherapy
2. PCIT- Parent-Child Interaction Therapy
3. TF-CBT- Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy