Term
| Body proportions become adult like by age ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| appetite decreases, especially for _______ generations because kids are less active |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the "just right" phenomenon: |
|
Definition
| preschoolers have obsessiveness of how they want things to be |
|
|
Term
| the "just right" phenomenon peaks at |
|
Definition
| 3 years old and starts decreasing with age |
|
|
Term
| between ages ___ to ____, the brain grows from 75% to 90% of its adult weight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| preschoolers have an immature _____, making it hard to plan, change ones mind and override emotions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at what age does the average child aquire skills of walking down the stairs, pedaling and trike and copying simple shapes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deliberate harm (physical, sexual psychological) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure to meet basic needs (physical, school, medical) |
|
|
Term
| how is data gathered about abuse/neglect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| since _____, the number of people being abused has been dropping |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there is an exception to the drop of abuse since 1993. in year ____, about 700,000 substantiated cases of maltreatment of any kind were reported |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CPS investigates between ___ to ____ of all referrals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most referrals to cps are unsubstantiated. why is this? |
|
Definition
| they are just difficult to prove anything |
|
|
Term
| cases of neglect percent: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| psychological abuse percent: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at what age does a child aquire skills of skipping and galloping and copying more difficult shapes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| age and risk factors are ___________ correlated: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| negatively correlated means that ______ |
|
Definition
| the older you get, the lower your risk for abuses becomes |
|
|
Term
| ______ and ______ are at highest risk for abuse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
other risk factors:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6) |
|
Definition
many siblings (more at risk, caused by stress/socioeconomic status)
unemployed/absent fathers
mother didn't finish high school
poverty
disabilities |
|
|
Term
| generally speaking, people who are perpatrators of maltreatment have: |
|
Definition
| high expectations for their children's behavior (usually unidealistically high) |
|
|
Term
risk factors for perpatrators of maltreament:
1-8 |
|
Definition
mom maltreat more than dad
poverty
domestic violence
social isolation
reliance on physical punishments
personal history of abuse
mental illness
unrealistic expectations/lack of knowledge of development |
|
|
Term
possible consequences of maltreatment:
1
2
3 |
|
Definition
agression/difficulty regulation emotion
social problens
PTSD |
|
|
Term
treatment for maltreatment:
1-3 |
|
Definition
build trust
appropriate identification and expression of emotion
build on strengths |
|
|
Term
| what % of children in US are adopted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
of the 2% that are adopted,
___ international
____ foster care first
over ____ domestic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| international adoptions in the us are on the decrease since ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at what age do children typically cut with scissors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does skipping and galloping in rhythm occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at what age do children write simple words and ride a bike? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| piaget's preoperational stage was described in terms of |
|
Definition
| logical mental operations |
|
|
Term
| piaget believed that sensorimotor thinking becomes ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| was piaget correct about sensorimotor thinking going to symbolic? |
|
Definition
| generally, but missed fine details |
|
|
Term
| kids sense of scale is very fragile: they forget about their __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
preschoolers lack conservation because:
1)
2)
3) |
|
Definition
they're fooled by appearances
centration( only focus on one aspect of the problem)
static thinking/irreversability |
|
|
Term
| copying a rectangle or circle occurs at what age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| around age ___, children begin realizing that their thoughts aren't shared by everyone else |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| children improve in _______ and _______ behavior, uncluding the idea that behavior may be based on faulty beliefs |
|
Definition
| predicting and understanding |
|
|
Term
| children become better at _______________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what affects cognitive advance?
1)
2) |
|
Definition
brain maturation
environment
-language exposure
-older siblings |
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of learning 2 languages? |
|
Definition
| language milestones and reading acquisition may come slower |
|
|
Term
advantages of learning 2 languages:
1-5 |
|
Definition
1) advances theory of mind and decreased egocentrism
2)better cognitive flexibility
3)greater understanding of the symbolic nature of language
4)better understanding of the nature of grammar
5)long term benefit: delayed onset of dementia in aging bilinguals |
|
|
Term
| is balanced bilingualism possible? |
|
Definition
| yes, they are people who are difficult to detect that they are fluent in another language ( have no accent, grammatical mistakes) |
|
|
Term
| is there a critical period or sensitive period for learning a second language? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do we know there is a sensitive period for learning another language? |
|
Definition
age of immersion
understanding of grammar and pronunciation, as long by age 7, there is no difference from kids exposed to another langnuage at birth. |
|
|
Term
| vygotsky's theory emphasized: |
|
Definition
| aid is important in childrens learning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hayleys dad points to a star shape when he sees hayley trying to put the star shape in a triangle hole |
|
|
Term
| in preschool, teacher-directed programs emphasize: |
|
Definition
| school readiness, following directions |
|
|
Term
| a child-centered program in a preschool emphasizes |
|
Definition
| independent exploration, self-paced discovery, sensory activities, movement, natural materials |
|
|
Term
what is not emphasized in a child-centered program preschool?
1-3 |
|
Definition
make believe, fantasy play
following directions
grades, competition |
|
|
Term
| intervention programs such as head start for poorer children have mixed ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what leads to fade out in head start? (benefits start to fade out pretty quickly, gains start decreasing) |
|
Definition
| maybe because kids then go to schools that don't support them like head start did |
|
|
Term
some studies of head start have shown long term gain:
1-3 |
|
Definition
decreased special ed later
more high school grads
less jail time |
|
|
Term
| In Dwecks research, frequently telling kids they're smart was related to: |
|
Definition
| less willingness to try new tasks |
|
|
Term
what particular phrases were problematic?
ex: |
|
Definition
general phrases
good job, you're so smart, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
detailed phases
talking about the amount of work brought into the task (you spent _____ amount of time working on this! you got 94, etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
going up stairs
scribbling (spirals/lines) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
walking down stairs
pedaling a trike
copying simple shapes (circle, rectangles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
catching a ball (lobbed at them)
using scissors
simple letters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
throw
skip
gallop
more difficult letters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ride a bike
writing simple words |
|
|
Term
| is self esteem high or low at preschool age? |
|
Definition
| high, preschoolers tend to be full of themselves, being low is abnormal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to inhibit emotions when necessary, reason and be logical as to why they feel that way, rein in emotions that were previously hard to rein in) |
|
|
Term
| __________ is the earliest predictor of how adults will be in their later life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Michel had a study where he had 4 year olds and |
|
Definition
| put it in front of them to see if they could control/resist themselves for 15 minutes |
|
|
Term
| parents socialize their children both ______ and ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parents have a lot of influence, but often get ______________ |
|
Definition
| too much blame because there are certain genes that make a child who they are, not JUST parental influence |
|
|
Term
| parenting is all correlational, meaning is not _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| braumrinds research dimensions: |
|
Definition
warmth (nurturing)
discipline (how much, do they follow through etc)
communication (balanced parent and child?)
expectations (are there appropriate expectations of the child?) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
low warmth
strict and often physical dsicipline
high expectations of maturity
communication:
parent to child: high
child to parent: low |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
high warmth
rare discipline
expectations of maturity are low
communication:
parent to child: low
child to parent: high |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
high warmth
discipline is moderate with lots of discussion
expectations of maturity are moderate
communication:
parent to child: high
child to parent: high |
|
|
Term
| braumrind believes that _______ parents are healthier for children |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are chinese parents difference from american? |
|
Definition
think kids owe them everything
believe they know best, kids desires/preferences don't matter
chinese parents don't care as much about self esteem |
|
|
Term
what influences parenting and outcomes?
1-7 |
|
Definition
child's temperament and behavior
child's perceptions
culture, ethnicity
ses,education
religions
siblings
attractiveness |
|
|
Term
| kids perceptions matter because if you as a child perceive that your parent is in the norm, you _____ |
|
Definition
| realize it is for your own good and negative outcomes are less likely |
|
|
Term
| african americans have no negative outcomes from ________ parenting like caucasians do. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| spanking is positively correlated with: |
|
Definition
bullying and delinquency
academic failure |
|
|
Term
| in 2007, in ______ there was a proposal to ban spanking for kids who are ___, ____ and ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what else do parents do to shape behavior:
1-6 |
|
Definition
explanations (induction), choices
reinforcements, attention
natural consequences
privilege withdrawal
work, chores
grounding/time out |
|
|
Term
| there is a caution with reinforcements/attention as a form of discipline because |
|
Definition
| it can reinforce tantrums with attention on accident |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| culturally prescribed roles and behaviors |
|
|
Term
| ____ and _____ are often intertwined in society and can be confusing to children |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At 6 to 9 months, infants can distinguish between males and females through ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Classify people and toys
Choose same sex playmates more often
Use gender labels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sex typed play
Avoid peers who violate gender norms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Children are rigid in their thinking about sex and gender |
|
|
Term
| The biological evolutionary perspective for males |
|
Definition
Spatial reasoning:hunting
React more rapidly/impulsively: survival and mate selection
Rough and tumble play: competition |
|
|
Term
| Biological evolutionary perspective of females |
|
Definition
Build strong alliances: child careimpulse control: attending to others needs first
Parenting play |
|
|
Term
| Behaviorism has an emphasis of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Behaviorism on gender roles |
|
Definition
1 All roles and values are learned from the context around them
2 Adults directly or inadvertantly emphasize "gender appropriate" behavior
3 Children model their behavior, internalize social standards |
|
|
Term
| The cognitive theory on gender development |
|
Definition
1 Schemas drive behavior
2 because of cognitive ability, see gender opposites |
|
|
