Term
| Self control: 1 years old |
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Definition
| aware that others make demands of them to control behavior |
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Term
| Self control: 2 years old |
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Definition
| internalized some control |
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Term
| Self control: 3 years old |
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Definition
| ability to control some behaviors, capable of self-regulation |
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Term
| Self regulations: 1 years old, 2 years old, and 3 years old |
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Definition
1 years old: aware that others make demands of them to control behavior
2 years old: internalized some control
3 years old: ability to control some behaviors, capable of self-regulation |
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Term
| How can you improve self control? |
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Definition
1. model behavior you want them to show
2. give chance to make own age-appropriate decisions (kids who have strict parents show less self-control)
3. remind of long-term + short-term goals
4. teach concrete methods (count to 10, etc) |
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Term
| Reasoning about moral issues: morality |
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Definition
| ideals that help distinguish right from wrong, influence actions |
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Term
| Reasoning about moral issues: Piaget |
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Definition
| focuses on surface issues (as with preoperational stage, try to look at intentions) |
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Term
| Piaget's stages of moral reasoning |
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Definition
1. Moral Realism: 5+7 years old. rules are absolute, cannot be changed (immanent justice: believe that when you break a rule, you will always get punished for it)
2. Moral relativism: 8 years old. begin to understand that rules are created by other people + can be negotiated |
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Term
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Definition
PIAGET
believe that when yo break rule, you will always get punished for it |
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Term
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Definition
-determined based on answers to hypothetical dilemmas.
-interested in reasoning: explanation of thought processes
-justification = more important than actual answer |
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Term
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Definition
heinz = sick woman
drugs = too expensive
used for Kohlberg's stage theory tests as hypothetical dilemma |
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Term
| Kolber's stage theory: level 1 - preconventional reasoning |
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Definition
-up to 14 years old
-justify moral judgements based on own interests
-based on punishment/reward
-rules and moral behavior are enforced + motivated
ex: "i might get into trouble" |
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Term
| Kolhberg's stage theory: level 2 - conventional reasoning |
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Definition
14 years +
-judges based on society's rules + values
(ex: it's against the law)
-internalize society's values
----values still come from external source
-not much critical thinking |
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Term
| Kohlberg's stage theory: level 3 - Postconventional reasoning |
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Definition
-rarely seen before age 18 or at all
-justift moral judgments base don self-cosen abstract moral principles
-what is best for a group, or universal principles
-values are internalized; may not fit with society's values |
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Term
| Problems with kohlberg's stage theory |
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Definition
uniformity of judgment: all of peoples' judgment should be at same stage, but they're not
-stages should be universal, cannot stop stages, but some do stop
-people shouldn't regress to lower stages, but they do
-theory should be culturally valid. culture-wise laws are not universal. (ex: in china, cooperation is values more than individual rights)
----theory may be ethnocentric + bias
-biased against women, because he only studied men
- girls at lower levels than boys at first.. but later studies showed no difference
-kohlberg's theory devalues women's morality
---women care more about humans than logic |
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Term
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Definition
| voluntary behavior to help someone else |
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Term
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Definition
feeling same emotions
understanding hurt |
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Term
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Definition
feeling upset, sorry for someone
stems from empathy, can also be concern
no shared state |
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Term
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Definition
help out others out of empathy or sympathy
acting according to conscious + morals
completely unselfish
or
can be selfish, if thats not the only motivation |
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Term
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Definition
1. sense of self as separate from others
2. perspective-taking/lack of egocentricities
3. theory of mind - understanding others' beliefs + desires
3. sens that one can influence world: 18-24 months
-language skills, memory |
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Term
| Evidence that empathy may be present at birth? |
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Definition
-babies cry when they hear other babies cry
-babies show comforting behavior towards each other at 6 months (also seek comfort from others) |
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Term
| Evidence of empathy at 15-18 months and then 24 months |
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Definition
15-18: show consistent empathy + prosocial behavior
24 months: more consistently + sophisticatedly
--adults sits in chair and cries, child tries to help |
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Term
| individual factors that may affect empathy development |
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Definition
1. Biological factors: temperament (empathy/sympathy less likely if highly effected by emotions)
2. Prosocial behavior is more likely in outgoing kids
Social/environmental factors: parents model prosocial behavior, rewards/punishments, practice helping |
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Term
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Definition
behavior that results in physical or emotional injury
ex: hitting, knocking stuff down |
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Term
| Methods of aggression (5) |
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Definition
1. Physical: hitting, etc
2. Overt: not hidden, observable
3. Covert: hidden. lying, stealing, etc.
4. verbal: name-calling, ridicule
5. relational: realtionship = weapon. "do this or you can't be my friend!" |
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Term
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Definition
1. hostile: to cause harm, intentful
2. instrumental: by-product of conflict
ex: push someone to get to swings
3. reactive: repsonse to another's aggression
4. rough + tough play: not trying to hurt each other, but look aggressive
5. hurting others via relationship: gossip, threatening friendship, etc. |
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Term
| Development of aggression: 12-18 months and then 18 months |
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Definition
12-18 months: conflict is common, but little aggression
18 months: physical aggression, increases in 2 years
physical aggression decreases, then use language skills + self-control develops and VERBAL AGGRESSION increases |
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Term
| Causes of aggression: preschool, elementary schools |
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Definition
preschool: confluct over possessions, between siblings (INSTRUMENTAL)
elementary schools: protect against perceived threat to self-esteem. desire to hurt, hostility |
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Term
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Definition
EXPRESSIVE
nurturing, emotional, value relationships, excitable |
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Term
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Definition
INSTRUMENTAL
logical, active, assertive, competitive, independent, etc |
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Term
| Where do stereotypes come from? |
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Definition
-learned from others, create by ourselves based on observations
-stereotypes are cognitive shortcuts: create them a lot like we create categories |
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Term
| Stereotype development: 2 years old, preschool, 5, 11 |
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Definition
2 years old: concrete (pink vs blue), jobs, chores, toys
Preschool: abstract -> personality traits
----most likely to think of stereotypes as unbreakable rules
age 5: 1/3 judgments as stereotypical as adults
age 11: 90% as stereotypical as adults |
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Term
| gender stereotypical flexibility |
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Definition
not rules, can be broken
just social customs |
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Term
| Social competent children... |
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Definition
interact with other peers with positive feelings
interested in peers
well-regarded by peers
able to lead + follow
give + take |
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Term
| Social competence: Ineffective with peer children.... |
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Definition
| more likely to be rejected by peers |
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Term
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Definition
measure of popularity in a group
based on peer nominations
given list of classmates, indicate which like/dislike |
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Term
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Definition
1. Popular (liked by many)
2. rejected (disliked)
3. neglected (neither like/dislike)
4. Controversial (liked by some, disliked by others) |
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Term
| Traits of popular kids + consequences of being popular |
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Definition
characteristics: good listeners, intelligent, happy, show concern, good social skills, physically attractive
consequences: more likely to have close friends, social recognition, positive longterm outcomes. Can lead to becoming disliked, because liked too much and cannot pay attention to EVERYONE |
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Term
| Traits of a rejected child |
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Definition
| aggressive, shy, withdrawn |
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Term
| Traits of a rejected-aggressive child |
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Definition
| severe conduct problems, hostile, conflict, impulsive, stay rejected because of hostile attribution bias (think people are being mean when its only an accident) |
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Term
| traits of rejected-withdrawn kids |
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Definition
| socially awkward, lonely, submissive |
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Term
| how to help rejected-withdrawn kids |
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Definition
help with social skills when young
before 10 |
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Term
Girls and women are more likely to be
depressed – why? |
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Definition
Self-esteem is related to body image, and this is
more so for girls
• Females also are more likely to ruminate about
their problems (they think/talk them over, try to
figure out how they could be fixed, etc.)
Rumination is actually a good way to STAY depressed |
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Term
| Gender identity: around 2 - 3 years |
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Definition
Can label themselves consistently
But surface features are the determining factor |
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Term
| Gender stability: around 3 - 4 years |
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Definition
| Understand that gender is stable over time, but not situation |
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Term
| Gender consistency: around 5 - 7 years |
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Definition
Mature understanding of gender
Supposed to trigger gendered behavio |
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Term
| When do toy preferences occur? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
cognitive structures of
gender information; knowledge about
gender; importance attached to gender
• Shape thinking
• Affect information-processing
e.g., memory, attention |
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Term
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Definition
People who are about the same age
or maturity level |
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Term
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Definition
1. spend more time with peers as get older
2. Positive peer relationships are related to positive
social adjustment in childhood, and positive mental health in adulthood
3. Negative peer relationships related to school dropout & delinquency |
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Term
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Definition
Parents
seek approval & guidance for values,
educational/occupational goals – talk about goals w/ parent |
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Term
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Definition
Learn of extra-familial reality and experience life on their own
Discuss problems in dating, views on sexuality, personal experiences, common perspectives, interests and doubts
As kids get older, they are more likely to tell everything to peer than parent |
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Term
| How are friendships different in childhood and adolescence? |
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Definition
Childhood: shared activities, proximity
Adolescence:
loyalty: not talking behind their backs
intimacy: ability to share one's thoughts
focus on conversation, sharing
time with friends vs. family
ADOLESCENCE:
Intimacy increases with age
Sex differences
friendships have both desirable and undesirable features |
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Term
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Definition
supportive friendship and psychological
adjustment
positive self-esteem, very little loneliness.
supportive friendships and social adjustment
more popular, higher self-esteem
supportive friendships and academic adjustment
behave better in school, receive higher grades
possible explanations
view school as a positive experience
more advanced social and cognitive skills |
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Term
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Definition
-in early adolescence, usually same-sex
-defined by common activities (drama club, studying together) or by friendship
-members feel that they know each other well and understand each other better than others do |
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Term
Nature of peer interaction: Crowds
3 purposes? |
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Definition
example: jocks, brains, preppies, nerds, druggie
- Crowds are reputation-based:
if you look and act like a brain
or a jock, you are labeled as such
-Hard to change your reputation
1. They locate individuals
within the social structure (to themselves and others).
2. They limit adolescents'
exposure to some peers
and encourage interaction with others
3. They reward certain
lifestyles and disparage others |
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Term
| Positive influences of peers |
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Definition
Benefits of close friendships
Identity: sense of who one is
Peers provide:
Feedback
An arena for trying on roles
Sense of self that is separate from family |
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Term
| Negative influences of peers |
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Definition
Peer pressure: increases throughout
adolescence
Peer conformity: highest in adolescence
Most pressure to conform in day-to-day
activities
Parenting style can affect susceptibility
Drug use
Adolescents whose friends use drugs tend to use drugs also |
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Term
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Definition
Content of television shows can affect
children’s behavior
Can increase aggression, but can also teach
prosocial behavior and cognitive skills (it depends
what they are watching)
Until about 8 or 9 years, children do not
understand the goal of advertising
They tend to think of them more like public service
announcements (“Try this cereal – it will change
your life!!”) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
morals are not definite
age 8 |
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Term
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Definition
| arbitrary standards of behavior agreed to by a cultural group to facilitate interactions within group |
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Term
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Definition
| child uses aggression to achieve an explicit goal |
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Term
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Definition
unprovoked
sole goal is to intimidate, harass, and humiliate another child |
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Term
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Definition
| child's behavior leads to another child's aggression |
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Term
| intellectual differences between girls and boys |
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Definition
girls have better vocabs
girls write, read, spell better than boys in elementary school |
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Term
| girls' interactions with one another are typically..... |
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Definition
ENABLING
their actions and remarks tend to support others and sustain the interaction |
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Term
| boys' interactions with each other are typically.... |
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Definition
constricting
one partner tries to emerge as the victor by threatening or contradicting the other, by exaggerating and so on |
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Term
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Definition
| by age 2 or 3, children understrand that they are either boys or girls and label themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| during the preschool years, children begin to understand that gender is stable - boys become men and girls become women |
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Term
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Definition
between 4 and 7
most children understand that maleness and femaleness do not change over situations or according to personal wishes |
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Term
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Definition
| children playing alone or watching others play, but not playing themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| play alone but maintain a keen interest in what other children are doing |
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Term
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Definition
| kids engage in similar activities, talk or smile at one another, and offer each other toys |
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Term
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Definition
| children organize their play around a distinct theme and take on special roles based on the theme |
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Term
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Definition
| spending a lot of time with friends and telling them your problems |
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Term
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Definition
| all people born within given period |
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Term
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Definition
| population grows faster than the substinence needed to sustain it |
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