Term
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Definition
| a chemical substance that destroys disease- causing microorganisms with minimal damage to host tissues |
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Definition
| chemicals that combat diseases in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical compound produced by a microorganism that inhibits or kills other microorganisms at low concentrations |
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| Semi-synthetic antibiotics |
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Definition
| chemically modified natural antibiotics; chemically modified organisms that inhibits or kills other microorganisms at low concentrations |
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Term
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Definition
| wholly synthesized in the lab |
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Term
| Reasons why natural antibiotics aren't used in humans or animals |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-developed the concept of chemotherapy as a way of treating microbial diseases
-predicted the development of chemotherapeutic agents that would kill pathogens without harming the host |
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Term
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Definition
-discovered penicillin in 1929
- however, clinical trails were not until the 1940s when Florey & Chain used penicillin to prevent death from infection in the war |
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Term
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Definition
| -isolates streptomycin in 1940s and proposed the term antibiotic |
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Term
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Definition
| -produced by the mold Penicillium are effective against gram-positive cocci and spirochetes |
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Term
| Semisynthetic Penicillins |
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Definition
-are made in laboratory by adding different side chains (R groups) onto the B-lactam ring made by the fungus
-resistant to penicillinases and have a broader spectrum of activity than natural penicillin |
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Term
| The microbes that produce most of the antibiotics... |
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Definition
-Penicillium
-sulfa drugs |
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Term
| Problems of chemotherapy for viral, fungal, protozoan, and helminthic infections... |
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Definition
-antibacterial drugs effect many targets in the prokaryotic cell
-fungal, protozoan and helminthic infections are more difficult to treat because they are eukaryotic cells |
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Term
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Definition
-affect only a select group of microbes
--ie: gram-positive cells |
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Term
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Definition
| -affect a large number of microbes; effective on both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| -used to treat gram-negative cells |
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Term
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Definition
| -a chemotherapeutic agent used to treat microbial infection;should not cause excessive harm to normal microbiota |
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Term
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Definition
| -they are more effective when together |
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Term
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Definition
| when taken together, both drugs become less effective than when taken alone |
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Term
| Five modes of action of antimicrobial drugs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
[image]
-cleaved between C=O and N |
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Term
| Why are these drugs specific for bacteria? |
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Definition
| -They are anti-microbial drugs, so they only target bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
- a mode of action for antiviral drugs
-Host cells produce these proteins that stop viral replication
-example= alpha-interferons that inhibit the spread of viruses to new cells
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Term
| Nucleoside/ nucleotide analogs |
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Definition
-a mode of action for a antiviral drugs
-inhibit DNA or RNA synthesis
----acyclovir, AZT, ddl and ddC |
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Term
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Definition
-a mode of action of antiviral drugs
-blocks penetration or uncoating of influenza A virus |
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Term
| Protease Inhibitors (PIs) |
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Definition
-a mode of antiviral drugs
-interfere with HIV maturation steps |
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Term
| Antifungal Drugs: treatment of fungi |
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Definition
-selective toxicity is hard to achieve, but some chemotherapeutic agents are avaliable
-an emerging human health issue |
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Term
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Definition
-used to treat parasitic protozoan infections
-antimalarials, chloroquine, and quinacrine stop DNA synthesis by intercalation between base pairs
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Term
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Definition
| -used to treat parasitic worms, Helminths |
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Term
| The disk-Diffusion Method/ Kirby-Bauer Test |
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Definition
-filter paper disks impregnated with antibiotic are overlaid on a bacterial culture inoculated on an agar medium
-measured by a zone of inhibition
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Term
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Definition
-an absence of bacteria doesn't grow due to the antibiotic
-a drug can be sensitive, intermediate, or resistant to the drug |
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Term
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
(MIC) |
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Definition
| -is the lowest concentration of chemotherapeutic agent capable of preventing microbial growth |
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Term
| Minimum Bacterial Concentration (MBC) |
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Definition
| -the lowest concentration of chemotherapeutic agent that kills bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| -the microorganism is grown in a liquid media containing different concentrations of a chemotherapeutic agents |
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Term
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Definition
| R-factors that are chromosomal or carried by plasmids and transposons |
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Term
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Definition
| occur when a pathogen develops resistance to the drug being used or when normally resistant microbiota multiply excessively |
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Term
| New research for antimicrobial Drugs |
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Definition
-Computer drug design and new drug discovery
-analogs of exisiting drugs
-Chemicals produced by plants and animals are considered antimicrobial agents, including anitmicrobial peptides
-DNA complementary to specific DNA in pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| holes within the cell and the cell eventually lyses and dies |
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Term
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Definition
| diseases acquired from the hospital |
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