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-A greek philosopher
-founded atoms
- "atoms cant be created, destroyed, or divided"
-His theory was rejected by aristotle |
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-Briliant Greek philosopher
-everyone believed him
-did accept Democritus Atomic Theory |
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-recreated Democritus's theory
-father of chemistry
-had 5 pt theory called "----'s Atomic theory" |
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| Who is Sir William Crookes |
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-did cathode ray experiment
-found all matter had negative particles |
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-mathmatically proved cathode ray
-found first electron |
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-known for oil drop experiment
-found charge and mass of electron |
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-known for Gold foil Experiment
-Found nucleus and proton |
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| -found neutron which had no charge |
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-said all things have different # of protons
-protons identify element |
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-wanted to know why some colors burned to different colors
-found quanta
-has his own constant
-found matter can gain and lose energy |
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-young danish physicist
-mathmatically tried to find why emmision spectrum was discontinued
-math only worked for hydrogen |
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-young french grad student
- tweeked bohrs math
-found electrons are a duality |
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-german physicist
-tried to measure and electron w/o moving it
-found his uncertainty principle |
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-austrian physicist
-the man of quantum mechanics
-fixed all bohrs math |
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| what is Democritus' atomic theory |
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-"atoms cant be created, destroyed, or divided and matter is composed of empty space where atoms move"
-aristotle rejected his concept |
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| What is Daltons atomic theory |
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1-matter is composed of small particles called atoms
2-atoms cant be created divided or destroyed
3- atoms of given elements are identical
4-atoms combine in simple whole number ratios to form compounds
-in chem reactions, atoms seperate, combine or rearrange
-only thing wrong: atoms can be divided nuclear-ly
-raised more questions than answers |
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| smallest particle of element that retains properties of that element |
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| What is the cathode ray experiment |
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| this is when crookes filled a tube with only argon and noticed there were rays going from the cathode to the anode. this concluded that all matter had negative particles |
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| what is the anode and cathode |
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| anode is the postive and cathode is the negative |
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negative charged particle that exists in all matter
-the charge is e to the -1 |
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| What is the plum pudding model |
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thompsons theory stated that the plums were electrons and and the pudding is a uniform positive charge.
THIS WAS WRONG!! |
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| What is the gold foil experiment |
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took alpha partices and shot it through foil.
rutherford thought it would go through if there was nothing there, shoot out if it hit a proton, and stick if it had a electron
found it went straight back out when it hit the middle and went out sides when it hit the off middle. this found the nucleus |
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| tiny dense region with more than 99% of mass in it |
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| positive charged particle that exists in all matter |
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| no charge particle in the nucleus |
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| same number of protons but different number of neutrons |
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| how do u find the isotope mass |
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mass number: 1.008
atomic number: 1 |
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| weighted average mass of isotopes |
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| C-12 and c-14, which is more abundant and why? |
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| c-12, because it is closer to the real mass on the periodic table |
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| what is the isotope mass equation |
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| mass * (% abundance)/100 + ... |
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| what is a nuclear reaction |
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| atom of 1 element changes into an atom of another element |
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| used to measure radiation |
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rays and particles emitted by radioactive material.
-stuff that shoots off of something |
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substance spontaneously emits radiation
-act of radiation
-caused by an unstable nucleus |
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| unstable nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation to form a new element |
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α
-postive charge and atttracted to negative
-not good but least harmful
-naturally exists
-skin protects you
-helium nucleus
-heavy |
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ß
-medium dangerous
-negative charge and attracted to positive
-clothes protect you
-high speed electron
-least mass |
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Ɣ
-no charge and no mass
-VERY dangerous
-protected by lead
-electromagnet radiation
-not attracted to charged plates
-must be accompanied by alpha or beta |
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| Waves have 4 categories...what are they? |
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| frequency, wave length, speed, and amplitude |
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number of waves that pass a point per second
-ν
-in s to the -1 |
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from crest to crest or trough to trough
-λ
-in nm |
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| height from origin to crest or trough |
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| it encompasses all forms of em radiation |
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| minimum amount of energy gained or lost by atom |
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energy and frequency are...related
wavelength and frequency are...related |
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| set of frequencies emitted by atoms of an element (color patterns) |
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| What was De Broglie's question that he wanted to find out |
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| if a wave can be a particle, can a particle be a wave? |
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| heisenberg uncertainty principle |
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| it is fundamentally impossible to find the velocity and position of an electron at the same time |
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| quantum numbers explain 4things, what are they? |
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| energy level electrons are on, the sublevel, direction it spins(clockwise+, counter-), and if its on a x, y, or z plane |
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| l is the energy sublevel. it has 4 pts which are... |
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s= a circle, 1
p= figure 8, 3
d= clover, 5
f= 3D, 7 |
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| What is electron configuration |
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| arrangement of electrons in an atom |
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| each electron occupies the lowest energy orbital available |
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| pauli exclusion principle |
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| now 2 electrons have same set of 4 quantum numbers |
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longest definition btw
single electron with same spin must occupy each equal energy orbital for additional electron with opposite spin can occupy same orbital |
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| perfection-dont bond-unreactive |
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short version
take noble gas that comes before the element |
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electrons in outer most orbital
max number is 8, only s and p count
shown as ve |
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