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Definition
Particles held together by mutual attraction.
Particles in motion but only jostle each other
Change direction and velocity but occupy same space
Apply heat, speed increases pushing |
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Definition
Organised structure collapses
Particles continue to attract to liquid has constant volume at constant temp
Particles move freely allowing liquid to glow |
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Definition
Particles break attraction & vaporise to gas
Particles much further apart
Inbetween is empty space
Particles move in straight lines unless collide with another particle. |
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Term
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Definition
Anode is +ve charge
Attracts anions |
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Term
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Definition
Cathode is -ve charge
Attracts cations
Remember the cathode attracts cations or the cathode attracts + charge. The anode attracts negative charge. |
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Definition
Subatomic particles
Protons: +ve
Electrons: -ve
Neutrons: No charge |
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Term
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Definition
| Combined weight of protons and neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of electrons (and therefore protons) |
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Definition
| Smallest unit that anything can be broken down into and still retain the characteristics of itself |
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Term
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Definition
Condensed energy from the big bang - made of quarks
Weighs 1, has +ve charge, smallest unit of electrical charge, also 1 |
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Definition
| Energy that has mass - also (strangeness and charm) |
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Term
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Definition
| Glue that holds quarks together |
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Term
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Definition
Also weighs 1, made of quarks. Explode a neutron, get 1x proton, 1x electron
Different numbers of neutrons in nucleus give different isotopes
No charge |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains protons & neutrons, nearly whole mass of atom, tiny compared to electron cloud, has +ve charge. |
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Term
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Definition
Move around the nucleus
Have -ve charge
Virtually no mass
Occupy electron shells
Electron shells explain whole of chemistry. |
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Term
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Definition
All atoms seek a full electron shell
2, 8, 8, 8 etc
Outer shell is valance shell
Valance shell determines reactivity |
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Term
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Definition
dump electrons to +ve charge (anion)
steal electrons to -ve charge (cation)
Swapping of ions for a molecular ionic bond |
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Term
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Definition
| Not in equilibrium - not dead |
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Term
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Definition
Can make & break chemical bonds (solvent)
Has polarity due to electron orbit
Liquid water on earth due to 'Goldilocks' zone |
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Term
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Definition
Inorganic compound dissociated to form electrolytes in hydration sphere
Using hydrations spheres cells can utilise ionic charges to do work.
Have charge, so can move inorganic compounds around the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water breaks the bonds of complex molecules & components of water added to the chain |
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Term
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Definition
| Adds water to equation to create bonds then removes the water to form chemicals. |
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Term
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Definition
Flow of water across a semi permeable membrane from hypertonic (more) to hypotonic (less)
Force = osmotic potential |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration - everything has different diffusion gradient |
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Term
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Definition
6CO2 + 6H2O > C6H12O6 + O2
Two way equation - can perform hydrolysis to convert glucose to energy |
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Term
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Definition
Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a
ratio of 1:2:1
Cells use carbs for food & structure |
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Term
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Definition
Monosaccharides: single sugar.
Dissacharide - 2 monosaccharides joined with dehydration snthesis - sucrose
Polysaccharides - strings of monosacchardies joined with dehydration synthesis. Cellulose & starch. |
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Term
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Definition
| Excess polysaccharides stored as glycogen in muscle cells. Also made in muscles. Used as fast fuel. |
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Term
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Definition
Insoluble in water
Hydrophobic
Twice as much energy per gram as carbs |
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Term
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Definition
Long carbon chains with carboxylic acid group - COOH
Used by body as fuel for cells.
Can be converted to phospholipids
Reacted with alcohol to form waxes
Few cannot be synthesised & must be obtained from diet - essential fatty acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbon atom in tail has 4 single covalent bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| One or more single bond replaced with double covalent bond. Changes shape of hydrocarbon tail and way matabolised |
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Term
| Mono-unsaturated fatty acid |
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Definition
| Single double bond in hydrocarbon tail |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fatty acids joined together with glycerol & dehydration synthesis - monoglyceride, diglyceride & triglyceride. |
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Term
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Definition
Provide energy reserves
Provide insulation
Provide protection around organs.
Stored in the body as lipid droplets
Can accumulate fat soluble chemicals such as drugs and toxins |
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Term
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Definition
Lipids derived from arachidonic acid which can't be synthesised by the body
Released by cells to direct cell activity - very powerful.
Example is prostaglandin - released by damaged tissue, stimulated nerve endings and produces pain.
Communication cells. |
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Term
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Definition
Large lipid molecules, share distinctive carbon framework
Cholesterol - important for plasma membranes
Steroid hormones (testosterone) involved in sexual function, tissue metabolism and mineral balance. |
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