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| coal, natural gas, and oil; they are non-renewable sources that will eventually run out |
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| wind, solar power, water, grain (corn), mixtrure of gas and alcohol (ie--Brazil uses sugar cane and turns it into alcohol for fuel |
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| Law of the Conservation of Energy (or) The First Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| all energy must be conserved (it can not be created or destroyed) **an exception to this law is nuclear reactions which cause a change in matter |
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Definition
one of the most common energy generated reactions; any fuel (ex--hydrocarbon) will burn in the presence of oxygen. the product will always be CO2 + H2O;
CH4 + O2--->CO2 + H2O; this reaction generates heat, thus it is an exothermic reaction (endothermic reactions absorb heat) |
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Term
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| more energy is on the reactant side; the rest of energy on the product side is converted to something else (but not less); it involves the breaking and reforming of bonds which release energy (breaks it up) and converts to heat (energy decreases) |
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Definition
| energy is gained; heat is absorbed |
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| How to affect reaction rate |
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Definition
| *increase or decrease the concentration of reactants *use a catalyst which wioll increase the rate of reaction by decreasing activation energy *increase temperature which = an increase in the rate of reaction (molecules will bump into each other more quickly) |
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| What happens when you add a catalyst to an exothermic reaction? |
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Definition
| less activation energy is needed; the reaction is sped up (reaction rate increases) |
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Term
| Water on the Earth is made up of... |
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Definition
| 97.4%=Oceans * 2.59%=ice caps, glaciers, ground water * >.1% is lakes, rivers, the atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| has the ability to dissolve something else (ex of a solvent is water, H2O |
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Definition
| something that can be easily dissolved by water (ie-lemonade mix) |
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| by dilution, H2O reduces the concentrations of pollutants to safe levels and/or by carrying them away |
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Definition
| *very high specific heat (can hold a lot of heat and carry it away to something else) *expands when it freezes *ability to evaporate (vapor/gas) *ability to be displaced *is more dense in liquid form *great solvent *neutral pH *used as a standard *is a liquid instead of a gas at room temp. (low molecular weight--18). |
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Definition
| when there is an equal sharing of electrons (ie--Cl2) |
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Term
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Definition
| when a shared pair is drawn to one atom more than the other (unequal sharing of electrons) |
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Term
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Definition
| the attraction for a shared pair of electrons; it increases from left to right in a row on the periodic table, and from bottom to top in a column, it increases--ie F (fluorine) is the most electronegative element. |
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Term
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Definition
| electrons furthest away from the nucleus are the ones being shared |
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Definition
| F--has fewer electrons, so nucleus attracts own electrons as wel as electrons of other atoms; I--has more electrons which shield positivity of the nucleus for any other electrons |
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Definition
| *measuring concentration--% refers to parts per 100 (pph); ppm=parts per million; ppb=parts ber billion |
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| is equal to 6.023x10^23 atoms or molecules; |
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Term
| molar mass (molecular weight) |
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Definition
1 mole=avogadro's #=molar mass
(ie: CO2-->molar mass=44g=6.02x10^23 molecules of CO2=1 mole of CO2) |
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| Find the molarity of 10g of CO2 |
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Definition
| 10g of CO2 x 1 mole/44g=___moles |
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Definition
| though it is only 1/10 as strong as other bonds, it is a weak bond, but it causes water molecules to stick together; |
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Definition
| when there is a transfer of electrons (ie NaCl--Na is +1 and Cl is -1); |
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| negative charge (nonmetals) |
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| made up of a metal and nonmetal; it must be neutral |
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Definition
| more than one atom joined to another atom w/ a charge (ie--NaOH; (NH4)3PO4 |
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Term
| what happens when NaCl is dissolved in water? |
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Definition
| positive parts of H2O (H) surround Cl and negative parts of H2O (O) surround Na; *water is a polar covalent molecule that associates itself with these ions* |
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Definition
| ionic compounds WILL dissolve in water (ie--NaCl) |
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Term
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Definition
| NH3 is a polar bond and polar molecule, and so is H2O, therefore it will dissolve b/c polar dissolves polar; anything like water will dissolve in it--water and something nonpolar will not dissolve (ie-water and oil) |
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Term
| why does water dissolve sugar? |
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Definition
| b/c sugar is made of C12, H22, and O11; hydrogen bonds will be formed and thus O on H2O will attract to H on the sugar molecule and H on H2O will attract to O on sugar molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| it is the ratio of ingredient to water or solute to solvent; can be expressed in ppm, ppb, % (parts per hundred); most commonly used in lab is molarity which is moles per Liter. |
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