Term
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Definition
| calculation of quantities in chemican equations |
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Term
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Definition
- balanced equation is necessary to determine which reactant is this
- adding more of this to the reaction chamber will cause more product to be produced
- amount of product obtained is determined by this
- some of the excess reagent is left over after reaction is complete
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Definition
| value obtained when an equation is used to calculate amount of product that will form during a recation |
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Definition
- value must be given in order for percent yield to be calculated
- may be different from theoretical yield because reactions don't always go to completion
- often less than theoretical yield
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Definition
| ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield |
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| reasons actual yield is less than theoretical yield |
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Definition
- impure reactants present
- competing side reactions
- loss of product during purification
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| importance of coefficients |
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Definition
- tell how many moles of reactant or product are present
- help in calculating mass
- help determine limiting and excess reagents
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Definition
- collisions between molecules in gas are perfectly elastic
- no attraction between particles of gas
- particles of gas collide w/each other and w/other objects
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Term
| movement of particles in gas |
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Definition
- travel in straight-line paths until they collide w/other objects
- fill their containers regardless of shape or volume of container
- aimless path taken by particles is known as random walk
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Term
| simultaneous collisions of fast-moving particles in container |
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Definition
| causes gas pressure in container (such as helium balloon) |
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Term
| average kinetic energy increases |
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Definition
| as temperature of sample increases |
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Term
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Definition
| temperature scale in which temperature is directly proportional to average kinetic energy |
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Term
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Definition
| some of absorbed energy is converted to potential energy, and some is converted to kinetic energy |
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Term
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Definition
| between liquid and gas states, rate of evaporation is equal to rate of condensation |
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Term
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Definition
| temperature of liquid if energy is added to boiling liquid |
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Definition
| motion of particles in piece of steel |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest group of particles in crystal that retains shape of crystal |
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Definition
| direct change of substance from solid to gas |
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Definition
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| by line separating phases |
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Definition
| how conditions of pressure and temperature, at which 2 phases coexist in equilibrium, are shown on phase diagram |
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Term
| why gas is easier to compress than liquid or solid |
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Definition
| volume of gas's particles is small compared to overall volume of gas |
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Term
| why pressure inside container of gas increases if more gas is added |
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Definition
| increase in number of collisions between particles and walls of container |
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Term
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Definition
| what happens to pressure of container if volume of container is reduced |
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Term
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Definition
| what happens to temperature of gas when it's compressed |
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Term
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Definition
| what happens to pressure of gas inside container if temperature of gas decreases |
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Term
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Definition
| volume of gas varies inversely w/pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| volume of gas is directly proportional to its temperature in Kelvins |
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Definition
| allows scientist to calculate number of moles whereas other gas laws don't |
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Term
| high temperature and low pressure |
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Definition
| conditions in which behavior of real gases are most like that of ideal gases |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of molecules to move toward areas of lower concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| would have greatest velocity if each atom had same kinetic energy |
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Definition
| causes water's low vapor pressure |
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Term
| ice is less dense than water |
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Definition
| related to fact that ice has molecular structure that's open framework held together by hydrogen bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| solvent molecules surround solute ions |
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Term
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Definition
| type of compound that's always electrolyte |
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Definition
| another name for water of hydration |
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Definition
| can be filtered to remove solute |
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Definition
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Definition
| colloidal dispersion of liquid in liquid |
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Definition
| usually makes substance dissolve faster in solvent |
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Term
| temperature and nature of solute and solvent |
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Definition
| factors that affect solubility of particular substance |
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Term
| volume of solvent, mass of solvent, and molarity of solution |
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Definition
| change when solution is diluted by addition of solvent |
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Definition
| depend upon number of solute particles in solution |
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Term
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Definition
| energy stored in chemical bonds of reactants is greater than energy stored in bonds of particles |
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Definition
| quantity in which heat capacity of object must be divided to obtain specific heat of that material |
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Definition
| depends on law of conservation of energy |
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Definition
| can be determined for reaction in aqueous solution by mixing reactants in calorimeter and measuring temperature change |
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| mass of substance, specific heat of substance, and change in temperature |
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Definition
| needed to calculate amount of heat absorbed as substance melts |
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Definition
| stage of reaction where atoms have highest energy |
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Term
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Definition
| energy barrier between reactants and products |
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Term
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Definition
| causes reaction to proceed faster because activation energy is lowered |
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| rate of chemical reaction |
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Definition
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Definition
| rate of production of reactants is same as rate of production of products |
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| reversible, favoring products |
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Definition
| type of reaction if reaction has equilibrium constant just greater than 1 |
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Definition
| ending state if system is left to change spontaneously |
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| determines whether or not reaction is spontaneous |
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Definition
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Definition
| change in enthalpy, temperature in Kelvins, and change in entropy are needed |
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Definition
| compound can ast as both acid and base |
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Term
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Definition
| point of neutralization is end point of titration |
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Term
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Definition
| in acid solution [H+] is greather than [OH-] |
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Term
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Definition
| compound that contains hydrogen atoms will be acid when dissolved in water |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrochloric acid is strong acid that's diprotic |
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Term
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Definition
| pH of solution that's 1.0 M HCl is 0 |
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Definition
| if [H+] in solution increases, related [OH-] must decrease |
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Term
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Definition
| [OH-] is less than 1 x 10-7 M in basic solution |
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Term
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Definition
| ammonimum ion (NH4+) is Brønsted-Lowry base |
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Term
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Definition
| Arrhenius base is hydrogen-ion acceptor |
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Term
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Definition
| acid containes one or more hydroxide ions |
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Term
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Definition
| definition of pH is negative logarithm of hydroxide-ion concentration |
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Definition
| neutralization reactions take place when salts are dissolved in water |
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Definition
| solution of known concentration is called standard solution |
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Definition
| one equivalent is amount of acid that will give one mole of hydroxide ions in solution |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 M solution of H2SO4 is 2 N |
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Term
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Definition
| aqueous solutions of hydrolyzing salts may be either acidic or basic, depending upon salt |
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Term
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Definition
| aqueous solution of NH4Cl is basic |
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Definition
example of neutralization is:
acid anhydride + base anhydride → salt |
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Term
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Definition
| concentrations of reactants and products in system at dynamic equilibrium are always changing |
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Definition
| happens to other atom in system if atom is reduced in REDOX reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| transferred in oxidation-reduction reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| another name for oxidation-reduction reactiond |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chemical and electrical energy are interconverted |
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| 2 reactions must be physically separated |
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Definition
| how REDOX reaction must be used as source of electrical energy |
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Term
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Definition
| clean strip of copper is dipped into solution of magnesium sulfate, and magnesium is above copper in activity series of metals |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical energy is changed to electrical energy |
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Term
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Definition
| oxidation or reduction occur but not both |
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Term
| relation of half-cells in voltaic cell |
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Definition
| separated by porous partition or salt bridge |
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Term
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Definition
| where oxidation occurs in voltaic cell |
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Term
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Definition
| difference in reduction potentials of half-cells |
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Term
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Definition
| standard reduction electrode with half-cell potential of 0.00 V |
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Definition
| symbol used to show standard reduction potential of oxidation reaction in half-cell |
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Term
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Definition
carbon skeleton of product formed in reaction
C3H6 + HBr → |
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Definition
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Definition
OH
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH-CH3 |
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Definition
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Definition
CH3COH(CH3)2
and
(CH3)3COH |
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Definition
| produces least energy when completely oxidized |
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Term
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Definition
| expected when 1-propanol is oxidized |
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Term
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Definition
| IUPAC name for carboxylic acid w/two carbons in straight chain |
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Definition
| what alcohol becomes when oxidized |
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Term
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Definition
| polysaccharide found in animals |
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Term
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Definition
| difference between amino acids are normally due to this |
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Term
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Definition
| bond between amino and carboxyl functional groups |
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Definition
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Definition
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| hydrogen bonds form between them |
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Definition
| why A and T (G and C) pair in DNA double helix |
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Term
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Definition
| repeating unit of cellulose |
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Definition
| responsible for producing heat that maintains temperature of your body |
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Definition
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Definition
| 2 products of photosynthesis |
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Definition
| process in which cells directly use solar energy to make food |
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Definition
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Definition
| compound of glycerol and fatty acid |
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Definition
| substitutions, additions, or deletions of one or more nucleotides in DNA molecule |
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Definition
| not contained in prokaryotic cell |
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Definition
| speeds up biochemical reactions |
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Term
| ketone, alcohol, and carboxylic acid |
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Definition
| can be dissolved by lipids |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stores information needed to make protein |
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Definition
| ester of long-chain fatty acid and long-chain alcohol |
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Definition
| technique of identifying person from sample of hair, skin cells, or body fluid |
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Definition
| percentage of human's DNA is used for coding information for synthesis of proteins |
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Definition
| responsible for transmitting energy needed by cells |
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Definition
| represents entire set of chemical reactions carried out by organism |
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