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| Energy equation with planck |
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| We cannot know where electrons are without alteration |
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| Lower energies fill first |
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| electrons must occupy all orbnitals before doubling |
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Lowest mole ratio
figure number of moles of each substance given
(subtract to find third component) or divide by smallest mole |
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| Find empirical formula--find weight and divide by given weight |
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| find amount of product produced by each reactant--smaller is limiting |
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| atoms being surrounded by water molecules |
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| solubility rules--soluble |
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Group 1 and Ammonia
Nitrates, Hydrogen Carbonates, Chlorates
Chlorides, Bromides, iodides (except PB, AG,HG) |
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| Solubility rules--not soluble |
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Hydroxides (except Group 1 and ammonia)
Carbonates,phosphates, Chromates, sulfides |
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donates hydrogen
right is more acidic |
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accepts hydrogen
left is more basic |
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| is oxidized---loses electrons |
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| is reduced---gains electrons |
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| 1 atm-760 mmhg-760torr-101.325kpa |
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1--tiny particles dont count in volume
2--particles move randomly
3--Forces between particles
4--Elastic collisions
5--Average KE of particles=Kelvin |
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Energy needed to remove electrons
Increases going right
decreases going down |
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Desire for electrons
Increases going right
Decreases going down |
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Decreases right
increases down |
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| In the atom/between molecules |
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| Ionic/Polar Covalent/Covalent |
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| 1.7^ electrostatic/mixtures/Under .5 share electrons |
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(# of Valence electrons)-(# of unshared electrons)- 1/2(shared electrons)
---close to zero= stable |
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as electrons are repelled nucleus is exposed creating more positive
---viscous
---high melting point |
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| slight charges attracting intermolecularly |
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1--matter cannot be destoryed
2--Spontaneous reaction increases entropy of universe
3--entropy of crystal at 0 is 0 |
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| WORK DONE on surroundings |
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| more moles of gas on the right |
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disorder-----if negative= decrease and not spontaneous
------ig positive=increase and spontaneous |
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write equation
separate soluble ions w/charges and coefficients
cancel out spectator ions |
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| oxidation/reduction equations |
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identify oxidized and reduced
create oxidation and reduction equations
balance with h+
combine equations
(if in basic add OH to both sides) |
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