Term
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Functional Properties - Is polar as result of electrons spending more time near electronegative oxygen. Also, can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars.
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Definition
Hydroxyl Group
Structure - (-OH) Hydrogen bonded to an oxygen, which in turn is bonded to a carbon skeleton.
Types - Alcohols (Their specific names usually end in -ol)
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Term
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Functional Properties - A Ketone and an aldehyde may be structual isomers with different properties, as is the case for acetone and propanal. |
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Definition
Carbonyl Group
Structure - (=CO) Consists of a carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond.
Types - (a)Ketones - If group is within a carbon skeleton
(b) Aldehydes - If group is at the end of a carbon skeleton
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Term
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Functional Properties - Has acidic properties (is a source of hydrogen ions) because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar. |
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Definition
Carboxyl Group
Structure - (-COOH) An Oxygen atom is bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to an -OH group.
Types - Organic Acids
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Term
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Functional Properties - Acts as a base; can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution. Also, is ionized with a charge of 1+, under cellular conditions. |
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Definition
Amino Group
Structure - (-NH2) Consists of a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and then to the carbon skeleton
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Term
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Functional Properties - Two members of this group can react, forming a covalent bond. This "cross-linking" helps stabilize protein structure. |
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Definition
Sulfhydryl Group
Structure - (-SH) Consists of a Sulfur bonded to a hydrogen
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Term
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Functional Properties - Contributes negative charge to the molecule of which it is a part. Also, Has the potential to react with water, releasing energy. |
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Definition
Phosphate Group
Structure - (abbreviated P) A phosphorus atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms; one oxygen is bonded to the carbon skeleton.
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Term
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Functional Properties - The addition of this group to DNA, or to molecules bound by DNA, affects expression of genes. Also, arrangement of this group in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function. |
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Definition
Methyl Group
Structure - Consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms. May be attached to a carbon or to a different atom.
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