Term
| Energy can be neither ___________________________, only _________ from one form to another. |
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Definition
created nor destroyed
transformed |
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Term
When converting energy from one form to another the amount of useful energy __________.
increases or decreases? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
can occur without outside help (energy)
releases free energy
exergonic
breaking down
ΔG is negative
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Term
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Definition
can occur only with outside help (energy)
requires free energy
endergonic
putting something together
ΔG is positive |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is another word for entropy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of enzymes? |
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Definition
| speed up the rate of a reaction |
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Term
| What is another word for an organic catalyst? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
inhibitor binds to the active site and blocks access to the active site
prevents reaction from occurring |
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Term
| non-competitive inhibition |
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Definition
inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site and alters the shape of the active site
prevents reaction from occurring |
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Term
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Definition
enzyme alters between active and inactive forms
inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site and stabilizes one shpae of the enzyme(inactive shape)
can have positive ones and negative ones |
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Term
| Glycolipids and glycoproteins in the cell coat are used for what? |
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Definition
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Term
A match was lit. What happened during this rxn?
a)heat energy was released
b)entropy decreased
c)non-spontaneous
d)free energy increased
e)more than one above |
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Definition
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Term
| A spontaneous rxn occurring at 100K and with a 250Kcal increase in enthalpy must have what change in entropy? |
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Definition
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Term
A non-spontanous rxn occurring at 200K with a 150Kcal decrease in enthalpy has which of the following changes in entropy?
a)-1.0Kcal
b)-0.5Kcal
c)0Kcal
d)0.5Kcal
e)1.0Kcal |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following organelles contains DNA?
vesicle
golgi apparatus
chloroplast
lysosomes
cell membrane
mitochondrion |
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Definition
| chloroplast and mitochondrion |
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Term
| A solution which is more concentrated than another. |
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Definition
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Term
| A solution which is equally concentrated when compared to another. |
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Definition
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Term
| A solution which is less concentrated than another. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
from low to high
against concentration (free energy) gradient
cell has to expend energy |
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Term
| What are three types of endocytosis? |
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Definition
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
recepter-mediated endocytosis |
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Term
| What is the addition of electrons or a hydrogen to a molecule, adding energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the removal of electrons or a hydrogen from a molecule, reducing energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| substrate level phosphorylation |
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Definition
| direct transfer of phosphate to ADP from an organic molecule with a high energy phosphate bond |
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Term
oxidative phosphorylation
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Definition
| uses the exergonic flow of electrons from food (glucose) to oxygen to drive the endergonic synthesis of ATP |
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Term
| What is another name for oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
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Term
Which molecule contains more energy?
glucose or ATP |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is a majority of a cell's ATP produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where in the mitochondrion is a majority of the ATP produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| The synthesis of ATP is endergonic (requires energy). Where does this energy come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| In an active respiring mitochondrion, where would you expect to find the lowest pH? |
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Definition
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Term
| If the number of H+ pumps in the ETC is decreased, what impact will this have on ATP production? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does Acetyl-CoA come from? |
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Definition
| the breakdown of pyruvic acid |
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Term
| Where does the pyruvic acid come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| The breakdown of glucose (6C) into pyruvate (3C) is (endergonic or exergonic) and has a (negative or positive) ΔG. |
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Definition
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Term
| What must be added in order for reactants to reach the transition state? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a phospholipid bilayer, (hydrophilic or hydrophobic) tails of phospholipds are sandwich between (hydrophilic or hydrophobic) heads. |
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Definition
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Term
| A concentration gradient ceases to exist when? |
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Definition
| when there is no net movement of molecules |
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Term
| Where does the energy required for ATP synthesis come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the H+ ion gradient come from? |
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Definition
| active transport of H+ powered by the flow of electrons along the ETC |
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Term
| The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox rxn... |
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Definition
| loses electrons and loses energy |
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Term
What happens to the production of ATP if we increase the pH in the intermembrane space?
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the production of ATP if we decrease the pH in the matrix? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the flow of electrons provide energy to pump hydrogen ions? |
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Definition
| each transfer of electrons is downhill energetically (exergonic) |
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Term
| What happens to the electrons at the end of the ETC? |
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Definition
| electrons combine with oxygen to form water |
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Term
| If the number of H+ pumps in the ETC is increased, what impact will this have on ATP production? |
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Definition
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Term
| If cellular respiration could be broken up into just three steps. What would they be? |
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Definition
glycolysis
krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
| Where do the reduced NADH + H+ and FADH2 come from? |
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Definition
| most of the NADH + H+ and all of the FADH2 comes from the citric acid cycle |
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Term
| Which step in aerobic metabolism would be immediately stopped if no oxygen were present? |
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Definition
| ETC (electron transport chain) |
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Term
| What are the two types of fermentation? |
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Definition
| alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation |
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Term
| If the number of H+ pumps in the ETC is increased, what impact will this have on substrate level ATP production? |
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Definition
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Term
Which has more energy?
glucose of CO2 |
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Definition
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Term
Which has more energy?
ATP or NADH2 |
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Definition
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Term
Which has more energy?
NADH + H+ or FADH2 |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is it possible for living organisms to comply with the 2nd law of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| There is a constant input of energy from the sun. |
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Term
Which rxn is not an exergonic rxn?
protein synthesis
digestion
burning log
ATP to ADP + P |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following conditions is most likely to produce a spontaneous rxn?
A) enthalpy increases; entropy decreases
B) enthalpy increases; entropy increases
C) enthalpy decreases; entropy decreases
D) enthalpy decreases; entropy increases |
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Definition
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Term
| When glucose monomers are joined together by glycosidic linkages to form a cellulose polymer, the changes in the free energy, enthalpy, and entropy are... |
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Definition
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Term
| Why can our enzymes break down starch but not cellulose? |
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Definition
| enzymes are very specific |
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Term
| For every reduction that occurs in a metabolic pathway there must be an... |
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Definition
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Term
| For glycolysis, what two things are required? |
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Definition
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Term
Rank from highest to lowest in terms of amount of energy they contain.
FADH2
NADH + H+
ATP
Acetyl-CoA |
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Definition
1. Acetyl-CoA
2. NADH + H+
3. FADH2
4. ATP |
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Term
| What is the net output of glycolysis? |
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Definition
2 ATP
2 molecules of pyruvate
2 NADH |
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Term
| What is the net output of Acetyl-CoA formation? |
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Definition
| Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl-CoA with reduction of NAD+ to NADH and the release of one molecule of CO2. Since glycolysis produces 2 molecules of pyruvate, the net output of Acetyl-CoA formation is 2CO2, 2 Acetyl-CoA, and 2 NADH. |
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Term
| What is the net output of the citric acid cycle? |
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Definition
4CO2
6 NADH
2 ATP
2 FADH2 |
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Term
| What is the output of oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
The NADH and FADH2 produced by the first 3 stages of cellular respiration are oxidized in the ETC, reducing O2 to water, and recycling NAD+ and FAD back to the first 3 stages. ETC reactions supply the energy to drive most a cell's ATP production.
ATP
H2O
NAD+ |
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Term
| Where does glycolysis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does acetyl CoA formation occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the citric acid cyle occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur? |
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Definition
| inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| Where is DNA contained in a prokaryotic cell? |
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Definition
| in a region that is not membrane-enclosed called a nucleoid |
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Term
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Definition
plasma membrane
cytosol
chromosomes
ribosomes |
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Term
| Bacteria and archaea are examples of what type of cell? |
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Definition
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