Term
| How are organisms classified? |
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Definition
| How they obtain their energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Are able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Live on organic compounds produced by other organisms. |
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Term
| _______ organisms use cellular respiration to extract energy from organic molecules. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is actually lost in respiration? |
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Definition
1.) oxidations
2.) dehydrogenations - lost electrons are accompanied by protons
SO, WHAT IS ACTUALLY LOST IS A HYDROGEN ATOM. |
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Term
| What is NAD? What does it accept? Is that reaction reversible? |
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Definition
| NAD is an electron carrier. It accepts 2 electrons and proton to become NADH. This reaction is reversible. |
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Term
| What is the final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the final electron acceptor of anaerobic respiration? |
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Definition
| An inorganic molecule that isn't O2 |
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Term
| What is the final electron acceptor of fermentation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the chemical reaction of aerobic respiration? |
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Definition
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
DG = -686kcal/mol of glucose |
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Term
| How must the energy be released from the aerobic respiration reaction? |
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Definition
| In small steps rather than all at once. |
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Term
| What is the goal of respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is energy harnessed in respiration? |
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Definition
| Released from oxidation reactions in the form of electrons which are shuttled by electron carriers to the electron transport chain. There, energy is converted to ATP. |
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Term
| What are the 2 ways cells are able to make ATP? |
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Definition
1.) Substrate level phosphorylation
2.) Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
| What is substrate-level phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| Transferring phosphate directly to ADP from another molecule. |
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Term
| What is oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| Use of ATP synthase and energy derived from a proton (H+) gradient to make ATP. |
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Term
| What are the 4 steps of oxidation of glucose? |
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Definition
1.) Glycolysis
2.) Pyruvate oxidation
3.) Krebs cycle
4.) Electron transport chain & chemiosmosis |
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Term
| Where does glycolysis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during glycolysis? |
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Definition
| Glucose (6 C) is converted to 2 molecules of Pyruvate (two 3 carbon molecules. |
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Term
| Glycolysis is a ______-______ biological pathway. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the net production of ATP in the substrate-level phosphorylation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the net production of NADH in glycolysis? |
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Definition
| 2 NADH by the reduction of NAD+ |
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Term
| More specifically, how does glycolysis begin? |
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Definition
| You begin with glucose, which "primes the pump". 2 phosphates are added USING ENERGY to this glucose which leaves us with a 6 carbon 2 phosphate containing molecule which is then split into 2 molecules of pyruvate. The electrons are removed by oxidation. After, another phosphate is added. Then, energy is harvested. The net gain of ATP is 2. The product of glycolysis is 2 pyruvates. |
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Term
| What must happen for glycolysis to continue? |
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Definition
| NADH MUST BE RECYCLED TO NAD+. |
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Term
| What are the 2 ways NADH is recycled for glycolysis to continue? |
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Definition
1.) Aerobic Respiration - Happens when oxygen is available as the final electron acceptor. Produces a lot of ATP
2.) Fermentation - When oxygen is not available, an organic molecule is the final electron acceptor. |
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Term
| What does the fate of pyruvate depend on? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to pyruvate when oxygen IS available? |
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Definition
| Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-coA and then enters the Krebs cycle. |
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Term
| What happens to Pyruvate when oxygen IS NOT avaialable? |
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Definition
| Pyruvate is reduced in order to oxidize NADH back to NAD+. This is called FERMENTATION |
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Term
| What are the products of fermentation? |
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Definition
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Term
| When oxygen is available, pyruvate is oxidized. Where does this occur? |
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Definition
In eukaryotes - mitochondria.
In pro - plasma membrane. |
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Term
| What does BOTH oxidized pyruvate yield? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does Acetyl-CoA proceed to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the structure of Acetyl-CoA? |
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Definition
| 2 carbons from pyruvate attached to coenzyme A |
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Term
| What happens in the Krebs cycle? Simplified |
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Definition
| The acetyl group is oxidized from pyruvate. |
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Term
| Where does the Krebs cycle occur? |
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Definition
| The matrix of the mitochondira. |
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Term
| What is the 1st of the 3 segments in the Krebs cycle? |
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Definition
| Acetyl-CoA (2C) + oxaloacetate (4C) -> Citrate (6C) |
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Term
| What is the 2nd of the 3 segments in the Krebs cycle? |
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Definition
| Citrate rearrangement and decarboxylation. Lose 2 CO2's which leaves a 4 carbon compound. 2 NADH's prodcued. 1 ATP is produced for each acetyl group fed into this step. |
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Term
| What is the 3rd of the 3 segments in Krebs cycle? |
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Definition
| Get another NADH and an FADH2. Regeneration of oxaloacetate. |
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Term
| So, what are the totals for the Krebs Cycle? (2 acetylcoa going through) |
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Definition
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
Finally, oxaloacetate regenerated |
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Term
| After glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the krebs cycle glucose has been oxidized to what? |
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Definition
- 6 CO2
- 4 ATP
- 10 NADH
- 2 FADH |
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Term
| What has the electron transfer released by this point? |
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Definition
| 53 kcal/mol of energy which will be used to manufacture ATP |
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Term
| What is the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
| A series of membrane-bound electron carriers that are embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This is where electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred to complexes of the ETC. |
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Term
| What does each complex of the ETC contain? |
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Definition
| A proton pump creating a proton gradient which transfers electrons to the next carrier. |
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Term
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Definition
| Accumulation of protons in the intermembrane space drives protons into the matrix via diffusion. |
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Term
| How can most protons reenter the matrix? |
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Definition
| Through ATP synthase. Uses energy of gradient to make ATP from ADP + P1 |
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Term
| How many ATP are produced per NADH? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATP are produced per FADH2? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATP are made in the ETC from NADH and FADH2? |
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Definition
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Term
| HOW MANY ATP ARE PRODUCED AFTER FULL RESPIRATION CYCLE? |
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Definition
36 in eukaryotes.
32 from ETC, 2 from glyoclysis and 2 from Krebs. |
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Term
| How many ATP are produced in bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the actual energy yield for eukaryotic respiration? |
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Definition
| 30 ATP. Leaky innermembrane and the proton gradient is also used for other things than ATP synthesis. |
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Term
| How is respiration regulated? |
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Definition
| Negative feedback loop. If there is an excess of ATP or if there is more citrate being produced than consumed, the cycle is shut down. Reversely, if there is a high level of ADP the cycle is started. |
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Term
| What is an example of anaerobic respiration? |
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Definition
Methanogens reduce Co2 to produce CH4 (methane)
Sulfur bacteria reduce SO4 to produce hydrogen sulfide (H2S) |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduces organic molecules in order to regenerate NAD+ |
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Term
| What is ethanol fermentation? |
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Definition
| Occurs in yeast. CO2, ethanol and NAD+ are produced |
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Term
| What is lactic acid fermentation? |
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Definition
| Occurs in animal cells (muscles). Electrons are transferred from NADH to pyruvate to regenerate NAD+ and produce lactic acid as a waste product. Makes muscles sore. |
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of an amino group. |
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Term
| What happens in the catabolism of a protein? |
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Definition
The amino acid is deaminated, and the remainder is converted to a molecule that enters glycolysis or the Krebs cycle.
Alanine is converted to pyruvate
Aspartate is converted to oxaloacetate |
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Term
| What is glutamate when it is deaminated? |
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Definition
| Urea and alpha ketoglutarate are produced. |
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Term
| How are fats broken down? |
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Definition
| Broken down to fatty acids and glycerol. The fatty acids are then converted to acetyl groups by beta oxidation. This is a oxygen dependent process. |
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Term
| What does the respiration of a 6-carbon fatty acid yield? |
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Definition
| 20% more energy than a 6 carbon glucose. |
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Term
| How are fatty acid chains broken down? |
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Definition
| Coenzyme A is added to the long chain fatty acid. 2 Carbons are lost, and a FADH is sent to the ETC. Water is added, and NADH is produced and sent to the ETC. Finally, Acetyl-CoA is removed and sent to the Krebs Cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
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