they do not metabolize and are resistant to heating, various chemicals and many harsh enviromental conditions

Endospores are not for

reproduction.  They form when essential nutrients or water are not available.

The cell will disintergrate

Endospores can remain dormant

for long periods of time

Endospores are impermeable to most stains, so _________________

heat is usually applied to drive the stain into the endospore.

Once stained, the endospores do not readily

decolorize

Endospores are stained with what type of stain?

Schaeffer - Fulton stain

Most capsules are composed of

Polysaccharides, which are water soluble and uncharged

Because of the capsule's NONIONIC nature,

simple stains will not adhere to it.

Most capsule staining techniques stain the bacteria and the background leaving the capsules

unstained - essentially a negative capsule stain.

When bacteria such as streptococcus pneumoniae have a capsule, the body's white blood cells cannot

phagocytize the bacteria.

Many, bacteria are Motile, meaning  

They have the ability to move from one position to another in a direct manner.

Myoxybacteria move by exhibiting a

gliding motion

Spirochetes move by

_________________ can be stained after being carefully coated with mordant.

Flagella stain reagent contains

alum and tannic acid mordants and crystal violet stains

Flagella have two main types

Peritrichous (all around the bacterium)

and

polar (at one or both ends of the cell)

Motility can be determined by observing

hanging drop or wet mount preparations of unstained bacteria, flagella stains, or inoculation of soft (or semisolid) agar deeps.

Wide variety of chemicals called _______ are available for controlling the growth of microbes.

antimicrobial agents

These are chemical agents used on inanimate objects to lower the level of microbes

Disinfectants

These are chemicals used on living tissue to decrease the number of microbes on their surfaces.

Antiseptics

This causes the temporary inhibition of bacterial growth

Bacteriostatic agents

These agents cause bacterial death

Bacteriocidal Agents

No single chemical is the best to use in all situations.

Antimicrobial afents must be matched to specific organisms and enviromental conditions

Additional variables to consider in selecting an antimicrobial agent include

PH, solubility, toxicity, organic material present adn the cost.

The important criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents are

Their concentration, length of contact, whether it is lethal (cidal) or inhibiting (static)

Before a disinfectant is selected, the ___________ for the most common and persistent microbe identifies at a health facility should be determined

Decimal reduction time (DRT)

The DRT (Decimal reduction time) is the time it takes

The standard method for measuring the effectiveness of a chemical agent is

The American Official Analytical Chemist's

Use-dilution test

In the use-dilution test the effectiveness of a disinfectant can be determined by the

amount of resulting growth

The use-dilution test is limited to bactericidal compounds and cannot be used to evaluate

bacterial static compounds

The observation that some microbes inhibited the growth of others was made by

Pasteur

Pasteur observed that by

infecting an animal with pseduomonas aeruginosa protected the animal against bacillus antracis

Antiobiotic

_____________ produces nearly 70% of all antibiotics

Streptomeces bacteria

Antimicrobial drugs are used

internally whether natural (antibodies)

or synthetic.

select the correct antimicrobial agent intelligently and administer the appropriate dose and follw that treatment to be aware of the resistant forms of teh organism that might occur

pathogen (disease causing organism) from a clinical sample and determines its sensitivity to antimicrobial agents.

in a disk diffusion method,

petri plate containing an agar growth medium is

inoculated uniformly over its entire suface and paper disks impregnated with various antimicrobial afents are place on the suface of the agar.  An effective agent will inihit bacterial growth and measurements made of the ZONES OF INHIBITION around the disks.

The ___________________ of antibiotic is determined by testing for bacterial growth in dilutions of the antibiotic in nutrient broth

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

When inhibitions zones can be compared to a standard table, we then use the _____________ to determine susceptibility

disk diffusion method

The diameter of zones of inhibition is measured in milimeters and be the bacteria's  __________, __________ and __________ to the agent being tested

Resistance

Intermediate

Susceptibility

Semisynthetic Penicillin

Inhibits cell wall synthesis

Erythromycin is a __________ type of microbial agent and its mode of action is

Macroglide

Inhibits protein synthesiss

B - Lactam

Inhibits cell wall synthesis

Streptomycin is a __________ type of antimicrobial agent

and its method of action is ____________. 

Aminoglyside

inhibits protein synthesis

Tetraycycline is  a ______________ type of antimicrobial afent and it method of action is ____________.

Tetraycycline

Inhibits protein synthesis

Ciproflaxin is a __________ type of antimicrobial agent and its method of action is ________

glycopeptide

inhibits cell wall synthesis

normal microbiata

Microbes that are only present for days or weeks are referred to as

Transient microbiata

Ignaz Semmelweis