Genre:

OPERA

-Text is secular

-Function is Theatrical Entertainment

-Performing Forces are Voices and Orchestra

Genre:

SYMPHONY

-Text is none

-Function is Concert Performance

-Performing Forces are Orchestra

Genre:

Gregorian Chant

-Text is Latin Sacred

-Function is Church Service

-Performing Forces is unison voices

combination of qualities that make a work of art distinctive (produced by the interaction of rhythm, melody, harmony, color, texture, and form)

ex. new orleans style jazz, Beethoven's middle style periods, and baroque style

The Middle Ages

(Medieval Music)

(476-1475)

-most surviving music of the middle age is sacred

-christianity brought to Europe by Roman Empire

-Medieval Christian church was center of politcal power, culture, and learning. was the source of financial support of arts, and scribes preserved sacred texts and music

large body of unaccompanied vocal music, written for the western Roman Catholic Church

(plainsong)

-Latin Text

-Monophonic

-weak rhythm- nonmetric

-variation (unison-solo, syllabic-mellismatic)

Organum (first systematic use of harmony in West)- new melody added above or below a chant.

example: All Ends of the Earth by Leonin

new melody added below or above a chant.

started by Leoninus

Proper of the Mass- chants that vary throughout the year

Ordinary of the Mass- chants that stay the same throughtout the year

Introit (anintroductory chant for the the entry of the celebrating clergy)

Gradual (a reflective chant)

Alleluia or Tract ( a chant of thanksgiving or penance)

Sequentia (a chant commenting on the text of the Alleluia)

Offertory (a chant for the offering)

Communion (chant for communion)

Kyrie (a petition for mercy)

Gloria (a hymn of praise to the Lord)

Credo ( a profession of faith)

Sanctus (an acclamation to the Lord)

Agnus Dei (a petition for mercy and eternal peace)

troubadours (men)

trobairitz (women)

rondo

ex. this month of may

sackbut (forerunner of trombone)

shawm (ancestor of the oboe)

the drums

Cornetto (cross between trumpet and clarinet)

-rebirth of classical (greek and roman) culture

-reawakening after middle ages

-humanism (focus on man, not just God, appreciation of hte human mind and body, wordly knowledge and pursuit)

-Era of exploration, scientific discovery, and artisitc achievement

-focus on not only God, but man

-appreciation of the human mind and body

-worldly knowledge and pursuits

-believed music should be pleasing to the ear

ex. Ave Maria by Josquin

 -sacred genre

 - SATB

 -a cappella

 - imitative counterpoint

-said to be one of the greatest composers of the Renaissance or any age

-wrote over 70 motets (a composition for a choir, latin text, and made ot be sung in a church or private devotion)

-famous for Ave Maria which has imitation in it which is a procedure where one or more voices duplicate in turn the notes of a melody

creations of national churches not under the control of Rome

(later Renaissance music)

(1525-1594)-Italian

"saved" polyphonic music

Music supports the text:

-a cappella (chapel style)

-syllabic

-points of imitation

-was called master of the chapel and master composer

a distinctive motive that is sung or played in turn by each voice or instrumental line

ex. Palestrina's, Sanctus, has four points of imitation

a piece for several solo voices (usually four or five) that sets a vernacular poem, most often about love, to music

Two types: Italian Madrigal (short, set to music, a capella, lively rhythm, light hearted character, word painting)

English Madrigal (ex. As Vesta Was by Weelkes)

"irregularly shaped pearl"

-bigger

-more ornamented

-more energetic

-a new kind of solo singing (meaning to sing alone)

-a single singer stepped forward, accompanied by a very few supporting instruments to project a highly charged text

-the bass-driven, chordal support in Baraque Music, played by one or more instruments

-bass instrument(s)- plays written part (bass line)

-chord instrument- improvises chords from bass line

numbers underneath

-numerical shorthand placed below the bass line

major and minor tonality

-Functional- creating and resolving dissonance

 -pull towards tonic (last tonic chord is meant to feel final)

 - each chord has a specific function

 -Harmonic Progression (chord progression)

-ornamented melody- solid chord progression

-soloist-group

-loud-soft (terraced dynamics)

-fast-slow

-example: Spring by Vivaldi

-drama presented in music

-begun in Florence, Italy (1600)

-Inspired by Ancient Greek Drama

-Expression of emotion through song

-visual effect

-libretto (little book)- words that are meant to be sung

- music

"little book"

words that are written to be sung

Recitative- speechlike, moves action forward (emphasizes story)

Aria- more melodic song, expresses emotion, shows off singer (emphasizes music)

more passionate, expansive, and more tuneful than recitative

-emphasizes emotion, more melodic song

(before the piano there were many sonatas)

-sonare- to sound

-solo sonata- solo instrument plus continuo

-trio sonata- 2 solo instruments plus continuo

(collection of stylized dances)-often in binary form

(by changing rhythm and tempo the dance changes)