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| ordered, patterned, relationships and expectatoins guiding social interaction. |
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| a socially defined positin in a social structure. |
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| all the statuses that you occupy at one time |
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| things we have no control over (race, sex) |
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| include things we have control over |
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| positions that have become central to the way people think of themselves and their connections to the social world. |
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| A "negotiated" set of expectations related to a particular realationship |
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| Statuses & roles make interaction possible by: |
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| maximizing predictability reducing ambiguity or uncertainty increases social control |
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when contradictory expectations are built on a single role
*due to complexiy of "counter roles" |
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| occurs when multible statuses and their roles have contraditory expectations. |
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| the total web of an individuals relationship and group memberships |
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| "strength of weak ties" Most effective way to find proffesions: social networks |
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| relatively enduring clusters of values, norms, statuses, roles, and groups that address basic social needs: Family, Economy, Education, Religion, Government |
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| "norm reciprocity" most basic form of social interaction |
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| individuals working together to achieve some goal |
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| both individuals strive to achieve a shared goal: people contest for them |
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| a patterened of interaction in which people or groups struggle to achieve a commonly prozed obbjector goal. ex. competitions violate rules and seek to gain their objective by any means available |
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| the actualization of the threat of force that those with power sometimes use to achieve their objectives |
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| 4 zones of social interaction. Intimate-public |
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| Definition of the situation |
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| "if people define situation as real, then they are real in their consequences" |
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| Ethomethodology (H.Garfinkel) |
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a way of analysing the "taken for granted" aspects of out social interactions.
ex. students coming home to act as renters or borders |
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| Zimbardo Prison Experiment |
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| took people to act as prisoners and guards |
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| a collection of people who happen o be in the same place at the same time. |
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| people with similar social characteristics or a common status. UNK students |
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| 2 or more people who have patterned ineraction, a feeling of unity and shared interests/expectations |
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| people who regularly interact and have close, warm, cooperate relationships. |
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| people who interact formally to accomplish goals. limited participation, formalized and impersonal relationships |
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| a group that provides a "benchmark" against which to measure one's own qualities, circumstances values, attitudes, and behaviors |
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| a group of 2. Highest level of intimacy possible |
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| a group of 3. much more stable than dyad |
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| Decision-making that ignores alternatibe solution so as to maintain group harmony. (bay of pigs) |
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| 1 leader and everyone following |
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| secondary groups for achieving specific goals |
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| Characteristics of a Bureaucracy |
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-division of labor
-hierarchy
-rules,regulations,& procedures
-impersonality
-merit and career based |
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| violation of a social norm |
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| adherence to social norms |
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| any act that violates a criminal law |
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| criminal acts against people/property that is motivated by racial/ethnic prejudices or other social biases. |
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| a characteristic getting an individual apart, disqualifying/discrediting him/her from full acceptance.participation. |
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| visible things in the body |
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| Blemishes of individual character |
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| lying stealing, doing drugs getting drunk |
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| people stigmaticed because of their race religion ethnicity or other characteristic |
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| Crime and deviance-explanations |
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Biological/medical, Psychological,
Sociological |
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| =when accepted norms conflict with social reality |
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| =when accepted norms conflict with social reality |
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| variations in how an individual adopts to a society |
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| the legal CJ systems are geared to benefit dominant groups in society |
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| study of bumps on the head |
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in bureacracies, workers give the apearance of being busy, because if they appear otherwise they may be giben additional work or even lose their jobs.
ex. when some1 is given an hour to do something... they will do it 10 mins b4 an hour is up so they don't get to do something else |
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| 48 interviews, from 95-99 |
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Definition
| How many interviews did bochard do? |
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| "on being same win insame places" shows the power of the label "mentally ill" |
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| Differential association theory (southerland) |
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we learn from those w/whom we associate
we learn in small, face-to-face groups |
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| Differential reinforcement |
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| R.Akers. Norm violation can be rewarded or sanctined depending on who you hang out with |
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| Hirshi's social bond theory |
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Q:Why dont we all deviate?
A:Social bonds cause individuals to feel:
Attachments
commitment
involvement
belief |
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| Containment theory (W.Reckless) |
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| containments keep kids resist becoming criminals through socialization |
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| internalized norms, attitudes, and values of a child |
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| 5 techniques of nertralization |
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*denial of responsibility
*denial of injury
*denial of victim
*condemnation of the condemners
*Appeal to higher loyalties |
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| deviance will be deterred if negative social sanctions are perseived to be swift, certain and severe |
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| violent, property, victimless |
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| 2 roles:catch criminals and maintain order to prevent crime. |
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| this is a highly politicized arena many negotiations occur, including those over bail and plea-bargaining |
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| U.S.incarceration rates have increased 4X since 1975. we incarcerate more of our citizens than any other industrial nation. |
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| repeating an offence after being convicted of a crime. 2/3s of those released from prison are rearrested for felonies within 3 years |
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| punishment(retribution) and rehabilitation |
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The Peter Principle
Social Inequality |
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| in bureacracies, individuals are promoted until they reach their level of incompetence. In other words, bureacracies reward people for doing a good job at a particular level by moving them up in the hierachy, but there is never a guarantee that at the next level they will be able to perform satisfactorily |
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*structured inequality of entire categories of people
*systematically ranked in hierarchy
*who have different access to scarce but valued resources |
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| ability to make people do what you want even if they don't want to |
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| Admiration that comes w/social position |
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| 2 strata, free people and slaves |
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Ascribed status
heredity
rules regulating social contract |
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ownership of land by elites (nobility)
European feudalism (example)
Priests, Nobility, and commoners |
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| Social Class (open)systems |
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-achieved status
-association between members of different classes is legal
-Meritocracy -based on merit
-"open" social contract (no formal proscriptions) |
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| one's income, occupational status, education, and neighborhood |
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| falling below a minimum subsistence level (life-threatning poverty) |
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| being poor relative to others |
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| a trend where women constitute a disproportionate share of poor people. |
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| Conspicous consumption (T. Veblen) |
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| people buy things to show wealth, status, and prestige. |
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| Medical MOdel of Deviance |
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| Views deviance as analogous to illness |
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| view deviance as a result of the tensions or strain experienced by people because of their position in the social structure. |
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| state of social strain, normative confusion, or rapid change in norms when people's behavior is no longer restrained by conventional norms, normlessness |
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| view deviance and confromity as labels assigned to certain people and certain acts. |
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| contend that deviance is normal and conformity must be explained. |
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| when an individual violates a norm and is viewed as deviant but rejects the deviant label and maintains a conformist conception of himself or herself. |
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| the internalization of a deviant label and the assumption of a deviant role. |
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| contend that all behavior (including deviance) is learned through social interaction |
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| Mechanisms people use to enforce prevailing social norms |
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| Public order (victimless crimes) |
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| such as prostitution, illegal gambling, and illegal drug use. |
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| Opportunities for securing such things as health,education, autonomy, leisure, and a long life |
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| a set of norms, beliefs, values, and attitudes that trap a small number of the urban poor in a permanent cycle of poverty. |
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| intragenerational mobility |
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| refers to changes in an individual's social ranking over the course of his or her lifetime |
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| intergenerational mobility |
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| involves differences in the social status of parents and their offfspring. |
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| criminals were believed to be possessed. |
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| the move to industrial society has increased individual freedom and more crime. normlessness |
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