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| The uneven distribution of maternal substances within the egg |
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| When stem cells become certain body cells based on their placement |
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| The procees of animals developing their shape as an embryo |
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| The sperm meets the egg, and upon doing so, releases acrosomes. These acrosomes then dissolve the jelly coat of the egg. The sperm's actin binds to the sperm-binding receptors on the egg, in the acrosomal process. The sperm then enters the egg, changing its polarization. This is the fast block to polyspermy. At the same time, the cortical granule membrane releases and breaks off the fertilization envelope. This is called the slow block to polyspermy. |
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| The sperm reaches the egg, and upon doing so, releases acrosomes. These acrosomes dissolve the zona pellucida, allowing the sperm to enter the cell. Once the sperm enters the egg, the egg's polarization is changed, in what is known as the fast block to polyspermy. At the same time, the cortical granules harden the zona pellucida. This is known as the slow block to polyspermy. |
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| A multicallular ball of fertilized cells that has not yet developed a blastocoel. |
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| A layer of cells which has developed a blastocoel |
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| The rearrangement of a blastula to form ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. This also creates the mouth and anus. |
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| The formation of organs during development. The first organs to develop are simple, such as the notochord and the dorsal hollow nerve chord. |
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One of the first three tissues developed in gastrulation.
It mostly gives rise to the lining of organs, mostly epithelial |
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| One of the first three tissues developed in gastrulation. It mostly gives rise t the skeletal, muscular, and circulatory systems. |
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| One of the first three tissues developed in gastrulation. It mostly gives rise to the skin and the nervous system. |
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| The cell that sends signals to the rest of the body. The neuron recieves its signals at the synapse, sends those signals to the axon hillcock, which sends the those signals through the axon to the synapses of the post-synaptic neuron |
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| The preventation of a neuron from reaching its action potential and hence sending signals to the next neuron. This is done to prevent the sending of signals that are unnecessary. |
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a. Potassiun, Sodium
b. Sodium, sodium, positive
c. Sodium, Potassium, Negative
d. The membrane potential goes below -70 mV
e. The period when the neuron can no longer gve an action potential, before it has reached its resting state. |
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| Only the parts of the axon not covered by the myelin sheath, known as the Nodes of Ranvier, need to go through action potentials, making myelinated axons much faster than non-myelinated axons. This is known as saltatory conduction. |
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| How the Neuron sends signals between each other |
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Definition
| Calcium flows into the synapse of the presynaptc neuron through a votage-gated calcium channel. The synapse then releases vesicles containing neurotransmitters, which open ligand-gated ion channels in the synaptic cleft of the post-synaptic neuron. Sodium and potassium then enter the post-synaptic neuron, allowing an action potential to be released. |
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| These potentials help the neuron to reach the action potential |
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| These potentials prevent the neuron from reaching an action potential. |
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Definition
| Two EPSPs of the same type occur quickly after another, causing the neuron to reach its action potential |
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Definition
| Two EPSPs of diffrent types occur at the same time, causing the neuron to reach its action potential. |
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Definition
| The neurotransmitter used for the contraction of muscles. |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
| The parts of the nervous system that are neither the brain or the spinal chord. This would be the arms, legs, and most of our organs. |
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| The parts of the PNS that are under our direct control. |
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| The parts of the PNS that are not under our direct control, such as breathing and digesting food. |
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| The lower part of the brain stem that controls our most basic functions, such as our heartbeat and digestion |
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| The secton of the brain stem that works in tandem with the medulla, but is a bit more complex: it regulates breathing. |
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| The section of the brain stem that regulates sleep and arousal. |
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| The section of the brain involved in regulating balance and in error checking in cognitive and motor functions. |
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| The input center for sensory information, and the place where that information is directed. |
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| The section of the brain involved in homeostatic regulation, and the producer of many tropic hormones found in the pituitary gland. |
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| The "biological clock", that regulates our wake-sleep cycles. |
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| The left and right hemispheres of the brain, used for auditory and visual processing. |
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| The connector between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. |
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| The sensors in the body that detect mechanical input (touch, etc) |
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| The sensors in the body that detect chemical input (taste, smell, etc) |
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| The sensors in the body that detect light input (our eyes) |
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| The sensors in the body that detect heat |
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| The sensors in our body that detect pain |
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| Sound is recieved in the pinna, and then travels down the auditory canal. The sound then reaches the tympanic membrane, which vibrates, causing the malleus, incus, and stapes to vibrate. Those vibrations reach the coclea, which transmits the information through the auditory nerve |
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Definition
| Found in the inner ear, these canals help to maintain equilibrium within the ear as well as regulate balance. |
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Definition
| A system found in fish made up of mechanoreceptors that help the fish maintain its balance and help it to swim straight. It also helps the fish to detect predators. |
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Definition
| Found in the retina, these cells help us to interpret light. Rods are more sensitive to light to cones, but have difficulty determining color, and vice-versa. |
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Definition
| The ability of the human eye to adjust light based on the distance of the object focused on. |
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Definition
| Skeletons consisting of fluid held under high pressure. These skeletons need to be submerged in water to function. |
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| Bones of the axial skeleton |
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Definition
| The skull, ribs, and spinal chord. |
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| Bones of the appendicular akeleton |
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Definition
| The legs, the arms, the hands, the feet and the pelvis. |
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Definition
| Muscle Fibers, actin, myosin, myosin, actin. |
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Definition
| The actin and the myosin of sarcomeres slide across one another to relax and contract. |
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Term
| Diffrences between muscles |
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Definition
| Skeletal muscle can be controlled, cardiac muscle is involved in blood flow and is only found in the heart, and smooth muscle is found within hollow organs. |
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