Term
|
Definition
| A clade of animals all containing a dorsal hollow nerve chord, gill slits, a notochord, and a post anal tail at some point in their development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A flexible rod between the digestive tube and the nerve cord for skeletal support |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal Hollow Nerve Chord |
|
Definition
| Hollow plate of ectoderm in a tube that develops into a central nervous system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Slits that function as suspension feeding structures in most chordates, but are modified for gas exchange in aquatic chordates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An extrusion from the anus containing skeletal elements and muscle. |
|
|
Term
| Chordates lacking vertebrae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also known as "sea squirts", these chordates lack a backbone and are the oldest known living chordates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These chordates lack a backbone, are extremely small, and trap food particles by burrowing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chordates that contain a head, and usually a skull, eyes, brain, and other sensory organs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Subsiding in class myxini, these fish are the least developed of any craniates, lacking a jaw and having a skeleton consisting entirely of cartilage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Craniates with a backbone, a more elaborate skull, and, in aquatic forms, fin rays. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of class Agnatha, these are the oldest known vertebrates. They have cartilage segments surrounding their notochord, and are jawless. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vertebrates with jaws, which evolved from the skeletal supports of the gill slits. They also have a lateral line system, mineralized endoskeletons, and paired appendages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also known as cartilage fish, these fish are Gnathostomes with a skeletonmostly made of cartilage. They are lightweight, flexible, and some of them (such as sharks) have very acute senses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also known as bony fish, these fish are Gnathostomes. They can control their buoyancy via a swim bladder (unlike sharks, who must constantly swim to stay afloat) and gills used to breathe underwater. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms with four limbs and digits on each. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Literally meaning "two-lived", these organisms are tetrapods. They have moist skin to aid in gas exchange, and on some small, underdeveloped skin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tetrapods with terrestrially adapted eggs, amniotic eggs, and impermeable skin, like reptiles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the more varied animal groups, this group contains birds, lizards, reptiles, turtles, crocodiles, and dinosaurs. They are all amniotes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of class Reptilia, these animals have waterproof scales, are ectothermic (mostly), and lay shelled eggs on land. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Closely related to dinosaurs, these animals are endothermic, have wings and feathers for flight and insulation, and have feet that very greatly between species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These animals are part of class reptilia, date back to the triassic period, and have changed little over time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This group has hair, produces milk through a mammary gland, has a (generally) greater brain to body ratio than other animals, anbd is generally considered to be the most advanced animal grouyp. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of class Mammalia, these animals are small (echindas and platypodes), lay eggs, and do not have nipples, though they do have mammary glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of class Mammalia, these animals have a marsupium (the little pouch thing that are found in kangaroos), with the nipple found within the marsupium. When born, marsupials are in a premature state: essentially an embryo with arms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also known as placental mammals (like us), the tissues of the young are grown by both the mother and the child in the womb. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The group that we belong to, this group has hands and feet (for grasping), a large brain, shorter jaws, forward looking eyes (for depth perception), opposable thumbs, and well-developed parental care. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Human Evolution can be dated back to 4.4 Million years ago, with the discovery of Ardi the Ardipithicus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Date: 4.4 M Years Ago
Location: North and Eastern Africa
Characteristics: Small brain (similar to modern chimps), canine teeth, bipedal, omnivore |
|
|
Term
| Australopithecus Afarensis |
|
Definition
Date: 3.9-2.9 M years ago
Location: Northern Africa
Characteristics: Larger brains, similar bipedalism to modern humans, sexual dimorphism (males larger than females) |
|
|
Term
| Australopithecus Africanus |
|
Definition
Date: 3.03-2.04 M years ago
Location: Africa, with an important fossil found in South Africa
Characteristics: Fingers for tree climbing, improved pelvis for walking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Date: 2.33-1.4 M years ago
Location: East Africa
Characteristics: Disproportionately long arms, use of stone tools |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Date: 1.8-1.3 M years ago
Location Southern Africa and Kenya
Characteristics: Thinner skull bones, less sexual dimorphism, greater cranial capacity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Date: 1.9-1 M years ago
Location: China, Africa, India, and other places in Asia
Characteristics: Use of fire, hunter-gatherer society, advanced tools |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Date: 600-350 K years ago
Location: Europe, Western-Central Asia
Characteristics: Had a language, lived in complex social groups, built dwellings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Date: 500-200 K years ago
Location: Both Eurasia and Americas
Characteristics: Modern-like skull, proven to use language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tetrapods with terrestrially adapted eggs, amniotic eggs, and impermeable skin, like reptiles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the more varied animal groups, this group contains birds, lizards, reptiles, turtles, crocodiles, and dinosaurs. They are all amniotes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of class Reptilia, these animals have waterproof scales, are ectothermic (mostly), and lay shelled eggs on land. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Closely related to dinosaurs, these animals are endothermic, have wings and feathers for flight and insulation, and have feet that very greatly between species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These animals are part of class reptilia, date back to the triassic period, and have changed little over time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This group has hair, produces milk through a mammary gland, has a (generally) greater brain to body ratio than other animals, anbd is generally considered to be the most advanced animal grouyp. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of class Mammalia, these animals are small (echindas and platypodes), lay eggs, and do not have nipples, though they do have mammary glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of class Mammalia, these animals have a marsupium (the little pouch thing that are found in kangaroos), with the nipple found within the marsupium. When born, marsupials are in a premature state: essentially an embryo with arms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also known as placental mammals (like us), the tissues of the young are grown by both the mother and the child in the womb. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The group that we belong to, this group has hands and feet (for grasping), a large brain, shorter jaws, forward looking eyes (for depth perception), opposable thumbs, and well-developed parental care. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Human Evolution can be dated back to 4.4 Million years ago, with the discovery of Ardi the Ardipithicus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Date: 4.4 M Years Ago
Location: North and Eastern Africa
Characteristics: Small brain (similar to modern chimps), canine teeth, bipedal, omnivore |
|
|
Term
| Australopithecus Afarensis |
|
Definition
Date: 3.9-2.9 M years ago
Location: Northern Africa
Characteristics: Larger brains, similar bipedalism to modern humans, sexual dimorphism (males larger than females) |
|
|
Term
| Australopithecus Africanus |
|
Definition
Date: 3.03-2.04 M years ago
Location: Africa, with an important fossil found in South Africa
Characteristics: Fingers for tree climbing, improved pelvis for walking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Date: 2.33-1.4 M years ago
Location: East Africa
Characteristics: Disproportionately long arms, use of stone tools |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Date: 1.8-1.3 M years ago
Location Southern Africa and Kenya
Characteristics: Thinner skull bones, less sexual dimorphism, greater cranial capacity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Date: 1.9-1 M years ago
Location: China, Africa, India, and other places in Asia
Characteristics: Use of fire, hunter-gatherer society, advanced tools |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Date: 600-350 K years ago
Location: Europe, Western-Central Asia
Characteristics: Had a language, lived in complex social groups, built dwellings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Date: 500-200 K years ago
Location: Both Eurasia and Americas
Characteristics: Modern-like skull, proven to use language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The area that the surface of an object occupies. As every living cell of an organism must be touching a fluid, this is very important in animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Animal tissues that cover and line things (like the stomach). They contain closely joined cells, also known as tight junctions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissues that bind and support other tissues, like bone, cartilage, fat tissues, and blood. These tissues have few cells but a great amount of extracellular matricies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissue that is able to contract in response to nerve signals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissue that sends signals throughout the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissues arranged into layers by animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of organs that work together to perform a certain task. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The layer of membrane that connects the small intestine to the abdomen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The set of chemical reactions within cells to sustain life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The total amount of metabolic reactions in an organism to sustain life. It can be measured by using a respirometer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A device that measures an organism's metabolic rate by measuring its oxygen and carbon dioxide intake. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also known as "warm-blooded", these animals use their metabolism to regulate their heat, and therefore have less variation in their body temperature than ectoderms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also known as "cold-blooded", these organisms use their environment to regulate their heat, and therefore have more variation in their body temperature than endoderms. |
|
|
Term
| Ways of maintaining homeostasis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mechanisms that are designed to accelerate or enhance the output created by a stimulus that has already been activated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mechanisms that consist of reducing the output or activity of any organ or system back to its normal range of functioning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The term for the methods by which animals maintain homeostasis, including, but not limited to: insulation, vasodilation/constriction, countercurrent heat exchange, evaporative cooling, behavior, nonshivering thermogenesis and acclimatization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Commonly found in endoderms, this involves raising body temperature with adaptations like fur and feathers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A method of increasing blood flow to certain areas by increasing the size of blood cells |
|
|
Term
| Countercurrent Heat Exchange |
|
Definition
| Arteries run next to veins, which cools blood as it comes in and heats it as it comes out. This helps to keep the core body temperature of an endothermic organism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As the name implies, this is a method of cooling by which water moleculed on the organism evaporate. |
|
|
Term
| Non-shivering Thermogenesis |
|
Definition
| Heat generation in endotherms without shivering. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of an individual organism adjusting to a gradual change in its environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The center of the brain used for thermoregulation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An adaptation that allows animals to save more energy by using less of it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long-term torpor, usually in the winter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Torpor which occurs during the summer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extreme levels of overweight. Evolution has not selected against this becajuse the main contributors to obesity (sugar, salt, fat) used to be very rare and tasting good was a signal to eat more, to store these for when they were not available |
|
|
Term
| Things needed from food besides calories |
|
Definition
| Amino acids (we need 20, can only synthesize 12), fatty acids (we can synthesize all but omega 3 and 6), and vitamins (but only in small amounts - we can overdose on them) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stages of Food Processing |
|
Definition
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breaking down food into molecules small enough to absorb, both mechanical and chemical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The removal of food that was not absorbed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mechanical: Chewing (using various types of teeth)
Chemical: Salivary Amylase (breaks starch into maltose) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rhythmic waves of contradiction of smooth muscles for digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conducts food from the pharynx to the stomach via peristalsis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
This is modtly used for the storage of food, but it does other stuff too
Mechanical: Churning (every 20 sec. or so)
Chemical: Secretion of Gastric Juice (which contains peptin, which breaks down protein) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This chemical is used to emulsify (or make blendable) fats. It is made in the liver and is stored in the gallbladder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This organ is attached to the small intestine, absorbs water, makes Vitamin K, and stores feces prior to elimination. |
|
|
Term
| Herbivore Digestion (as opposed to carnivore and omnivore digestion) |
|
Definition
| Less sharp teeth, longer alimentary canals (for longer digestion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A small diameter blood vessel in the microcirculation that extends and branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small blood vessels that enable the exchange of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and many other nutrients between blood and tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A very small blood vessel in the microcirculation that allows deoxygenated blood to return from the capillary beds to veins. |
|
|
