Term
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Definition
| 1953, Constructed double-helix model of DNA |
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Term
| How are nucleic acids unique? |
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Definition
| they can direct their own replication |
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Term
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Definition
| showed that genes are located on chromosomes--DNA and Proteins became candidates for genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| 1928, Discovered transformations through rat tests |
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Definition
| searched for transforming factor from Griffith's experiment: RNA, DNA, or protein. inactivated each and found dna to cause transformation |
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Term
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Definition
| 1952, showed DNA is genetic material through tests with bacteriophages |
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Term
| Hershey and Chase marked what with what? |
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Definition
| DNA with phosphorus and Protein with sulfur |
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Term
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Definition
| 1947, developed rules to DNA; A=T, C=G, varies between species. |
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Term
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Definition
| used x-ray crystallography to study DNA structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| labeled pieces of DNA to discover the semiconservative model of DNA replication to be accurate |
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Term
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Definition
| sites on DNA molecule where replication begins. |
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Term
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Definition
| where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound. |
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Term
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Definition
| untwists the double helix and separates DNA strands at replication fork |
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Term
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Definition
| relieves the tighter twisting ahead of the replication fork |
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Term
| single-stranded binding proteins |
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Definition
| keep the unpaired template strands apart during replication |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesizes primer, adds nucleotides one as a time using DNA strand as template |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to preexisting chain |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of short fragments that form the lagging strand |
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Term
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Definition
| eventually joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of okazaki fragments to form DNA strand |
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Term
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Definition
| special enzymes fix incorrectly paired nucleotides |
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Term
| nucleotide excision repair |
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Definition
| nuclease cuts out segment of a damaged strand, resulting gap is filled with nucleotides using undamaged strand as template. |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple repetitions of nucleotides; protect DNA from eroding after multiple replications |
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Term
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Definition
| catalyze the lengthening of telomeres, restoring to original length. |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosome material of different density from normal (usually greater), in which the activity of the genes is modified or suppressed. |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosome material that does not stain strongly except during cell division. It represents the major genes and is involved in transcription. |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that dna tightly coils around to form chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA directs synthesis of proteins or RNA molecules involved in protein synthesis. Proteins = link between genotype and phenotype. |
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Term
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Definition
RNA: ribose sugar, uracil, single stranded
DNA: Dioxiribose sugar, thymine, double stranded |
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Term
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Definition
| amino acids arranged in a particular order |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesis of RNA under direction of DNA. Nucleic acids use same language so just copied using DNA template in anti-parallel direction |
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Term
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Definition
| resulting RNA from transcription, carrying protein building instructions from DNA to protein building ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesis of polypeptide, occuring under direction of mRNA. Base sequence changes to amino acid sequence. (in ribosome) |
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Term
| Flow of genetic info in Bacteria vs Eukaryote |
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Definition
B: no nuclei, so DNA not seperate from protein synthesizers. allows translation to begin while in transcription
E: nuclear envolope separates processes in space and time |
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Term
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Definition
| initial RNA transcript of any gene (pre-mRNA). further processing yields mRNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| gene to protein; 3 nucleotide word produces one amino acid of the possible 20 |
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Term
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Definition
| the strand of DNA the is transcribed |
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Term
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Definition
| mRNA base triplets, written in 5' to 3' direction. also term for DNA base triplets along non-template strand. specifies which amino acid is incorporated @ corresponding position along polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| joins RNA nucleotides along DNA template, and can start a chain from scratch without primer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific DNA sequence of nucleotides where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription for specific gene |
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Term
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Definition
| In bacteria, the specific DNA sequence of nucleotides that signals the end of transcription for a specific gene |
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Term
| 3 stages of transcription |
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Definition
| Initiation, Elongation, and Termination |
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Term
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Definition
| After RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, DNA strands unwind, polymerase initiates RNA synthesis at start point on template strand |
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Term
| Base-Pair Insertions or Deletions (No Frameshift Mutation) |
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Definition
| Addition or deletion of nucleotide pairs is multiple of 3. Results in Addition or deletion of 1 or more amino acids |
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Term
| Base-Pair Insertions or Deletions (Frameshift Mutation) |
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Definition
| May alter reading frame by changing the triplet groupings. Occurs when # of nucleotides inserted or removed not multiple of 3 causing downstream nucleotides to be incorrectly grouped into codons (extensive missense usually ending in nonsense) |
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Term
| Base-Pair Substitution (Nonsense Mutation) |
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Definition
| Change codon for amino acid into stop codon. Causes translation to terminate early so polypeptide shorter, almost always leads to nonfunctional proteins. |
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Term
| Base-Pair Substitution (Missense Mutations) |
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Definition
| Most common. Change one amino acid to another. Little effect on protein (similar amino, protein region where exact sequence not essential) Major protein change (in crucial area ex. activation site) can improve, but usually is detrimental to protein |
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Term
| Base-Pair Substitution (Silent Mutations) |
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Definition
| No effect on protein because new codon translates to same amino acid that the original would have |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical changes in single base pair of a gene. If in gametes or cells that produce gametes, may be transmitted to offspring and successive future generations. If has adverse affect, referred to as genetic disorder or hereditary disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes to genetic information of a cell that are responsible for huge diversity of genes found among organisms. |
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Term
| Polyribosomes & Advantages |
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Definition
| Multiple ribosomes translate an mRNA at the same time. Once ribosome moves past start codon, second ribosome attaches to the mRNA, eventually resulting in a number of ribosomes trailing along mRNA. Cell makes many copies of ploypeptide quickly |
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Term
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Definition
| a virus that reproduces only by a lytic cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| a genetic element that can exist either as a plasmid or as part of the bacterial chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates gene transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| A segment of noncoding DNA that helps regulate transcription of a gene by binding a transcription factor. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes its shape, allowing it to switch an operon off. |
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Term
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Definition
| heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype, caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| a infectious form of protein that may increase in number by converting related proteins to more prions |
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Term
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Definition
| a unit of genetic function common to bacteria and phages, consisting of coordinately regulated clusters of genes with related functions |
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Term
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Definition
| a gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or groups of genes |
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Term
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Definition
| a specific small molecule that inactivates the repressor in an operon |
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Term
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Definition
| a virus that can reproduce without killing the host |
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Term
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Definition
| transposable elements that move within a genome by means of an RNA intermediate |
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Term
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Definition
| bead-like structure in eukaryotic chromatin, composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed. |
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Term
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Definition
| a region of DNA that is uncoiled and undergoing active transcription into RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| short sequences of DNA that are repeated many times and are often clumped at the centromeres and telomeres |
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Term
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Definition
| genes that have become inactivated by mutations |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in the number of copies of a particular segment of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns |
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Term
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Definition
| genes that cause cancer by blocking the normal controls on cell reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| normal cellular genes that are important regulators of normal cellular processes, they promote growth. alterations in the expression of these cells regulr in oncogenes |
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Term
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Definition
| gene that codes for a G protein that relays a growth signal from a growth factor receptor on the plasma membrane to a cascade of protein kinases that ultimately results in the stimulation of the cell cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| a giant protein complex that recognizes and destroys proteins tagged for elimination by the small protein ubiquitin |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 strands of DNA engineered to mesh together to make a new strand |
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Term
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Definition
| circular DNA that replicates separately from the bacterial chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| snip sugar phosphate backbones to create "sticky ends" |
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Term
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Definition
| glues restriction fragments together |
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Term
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Definition
| A gene carrier/plasmid that transfers DNA from a foreign cell or test tube to another cell |
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Term
| bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) |
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Definition
| allows for easier replication/manipulation as the number of genes is reduced to a smaller size |
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Term
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Definition
| composed by mRNA via reverse transcriptase |
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Term
| nucleic acid hybridization |
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Definition
| detecting a certain gene by adding a radioactive probe composed of complementary nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| artificially synthesized nucleotide complement used in nucleic acid hybridization |
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Term
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Definition
| allows a cloned eukaryotic gene to function in a bacterial host |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of sending an electric pulse to a cell in membrane saturated solution to allow DNA to enter |
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Term
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Definition
| separating nucleic acids/proteins based on size, electrical charge, and other physical properties |
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Term
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Definition
| involving both gel electrophoresis and nucleic acid hybridization to detect a specific nucleotide sequence of a specific gene on DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| process involving both gel electrophoresis and nucleic acid hybridization to detect a specific nucleotide sequence of a specific gene on mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| placing probes in an organism with fluorescent dyes to determine which tissues/cells are expressing certain genes |
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Term
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Definition
| collection of many small, single-stranded DNA fragments in a glass slide that would ideally represent all genes of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| determining the function of a gene by disabling it via mutation |
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Term
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Definition
| describes a cell that can dedifferentiate |
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Term
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Definition
| capability of differentiating into different cell types |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that has genes from another organism of the same or different species |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual's set of unique genetic markers |
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Term
| genetically modified (GM) organisms |
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Definition
| an organism that has artificially acquired one or more genes from another of the same or different species |
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