Term
| Six major groups of microbiology |
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Definition
1. Mycology
2. Bacteriology
3. Phycology/Algology
4. Virology
5. Protozoology
6. Parasitology |
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Term
| Time frame for earliest substances on Earth. |
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Definition
Prokaryotes appeared 3.5 billion years ago
Eukaryotes appeared 2.5 billion years ago
Reptiles/cockroaches/termites appeared .5 billion years ago
Mammals appeared .25 billion years ago |
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Term
| Oldest prokaryotes - name and age? |
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Definition
| Fossilized cyanobacteria...3.5 billion years old |
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Term
| What accounts for 50% of earth's photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are earth's major saprophytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some good uses of microbes by humans? |
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Definition
Bioremediation
Production of foods
Production of alcohols
Production of ethanol fuels, enzymes, vaccines, hormones, biodiesel fuels.
Natural pesticides |
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Term
| Poor uses of microbes by humans? |
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Definition
Anthrax and other biological weapons of warfare.
Smallpox.
Plague. |
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Term
| What percent of microbes on Earth are detrimental to human health? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who invented the first microscope capable of seeing microbes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Three early explanations for disease (non-scientific)? |
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Definition
Superstitions
Supernatural forces
Myths/legends |
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Term
| What forced scientists to objectively examine scientific dilemmas? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Spontaneous generation: the idea that life came be born from the nonliving.
Proposed by Aristotle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Life can only be born by the living. Proved by Pasteur. |
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Term
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Definition
| Infectious diseases are caused by microbes. |
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Term
| The two fathers of microbiology? |
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Definition
| Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch |
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Term
| Louis Pasteur's achievements? |
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Definition
Proved microbes cause fermentation/spoilage
Developed pasteurization
Developed vaccines against rabies/anthrax |
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Term
| Robert Koch's achievements? |
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Definition
Developed aseptic lab procedures
Discovered agents of anthrax, TB, and cholera
Established a set of postulates |
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Term
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Definition
1. Extract microbes from dead organism
2. Isolate in a pure culture
3. Infect healthy specimen with microbes
4. Isolate microbes
5. If microbes from 1 and 4 match, the agent has been found. |
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Term
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Definition
Kingdom
Division (Phylum)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species |
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Term
| When assigning nomenclature, what two names are used? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the natural relatedness between groups of organisms |
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Term
| What are the fundamental premises of evolution? |
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Definition
Living organisms change gradually over time.
All new species come from preexisting species.
Evidence is supported by fossil records.
Evolution progresses towards greater complexity. |
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Term
| Whittaker's Five Kingdom System |
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Definition
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Protista |
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Term
| Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? |
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Definition
| Prokaryotes are not as complex as eukaryotes, which have nuclei and other organelles (mitochondria) |
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Term
| Prokaryotic Flagella: Motion? |
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Definition
Counterclockwise: RUNS
Clockwise: TUMBLES |
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Term
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Definition
| Attraction/repulsion to chemicals(or light). |
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Term
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Definition
Used by spirochetes
The filaments spin around the cell and use a flexing motion. |
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Term
Prokaryotic Fimbriae
Structure and function? |
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Definition
Short, rigid, bristle like fibers
Used for adhesion |
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Term
Pili
Structure and function? |
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Definition
Long tubular structures
Used to transfer DNA between cells |
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Term
Glycocalyx
Structure and function? |
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Definition
Outer covering of sugars/proteins
Used to protect cell from dehydration, prevent wbc's from eating them, attachment |
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Term
| Types of prokaryotic glycocalyx? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. First colonists stick to coating
2. Cells divide, formation spreads
3. More microbes join the party |
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Term
| Components of the Cell Envelope? |
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of the prokaryotic cell wall? |
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Definition
| Provides structural integrity to cell |
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Term
| Types of prokaryotic cell walls? |
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Definition
Gram positive
Gram negative |
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Term
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Definition
Thick layer of peptidoglycan
Strong, stable, porous
A single, narrow periplasmic space
Purple when gram stained |
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Term
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Definition
Thin layer of peptidoglycan
Two periplasmic layers
More impervious to drugs and disinfectants (not alcohols) |
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Term
| Mycobacterium and Nocardia |
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Definition
Gram positive cell walls, but they contain a unique lipid called mycolic acid
Thick waxy walls give high resistance to drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
Completely lack a cell wall
Pleomorphic |
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Term
| Prokaryotic cell membrane structure + functions? |
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Definition
Site for ATP reactions
Regulates passage of nutrients into the cell and waste out of the cell: selectively permeable
Site of macromolecule synthesis |
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Term
| Internal structures of prokaryotic cells? |
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Definition
Cytoplasm
Chromosome
Plasmids
Ribosomes
Granules
Cytoskeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by Gram Positive bacteria such as bacillus, clostridium, sporosarcina |
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Term
| Life cycles of spore formers? |
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Definition
Vegetative stage (conditions are good and the cell is metabolically active/growing).
Endospore (Conditions are poor, cell goes into sporulation. Metabolically inactive, highly resistant). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| disordered bunch of cocci bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| a quartet of cocci bacteria in a squre |
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Term
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Definition
| a cubic shape of cocci bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a formation of bacilli bacteria in which only the ends touch at angles. |
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Term
| Characteristics of spiral bacteria |
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Definition
Mostly form in singles
Short chains
Either polar flagella or periplasmic |
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Term
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Definition
Prokaryotes that live in extreme conditions.
Non threatening to humans. |
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