Term
| What are prokaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
--exclusive to bacteria and microscopic organisms called archaea
--no nucleus or other organelles |
|
|
Term
| What are eukaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
| --contain a variety of organelles, including a nucleus, which houses DNA |
|
|
Term
| What does unicellular mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does multicellular mean? |
|
Definition
| many cells organized to form tissues, organs, and organ systems |
|
|
Term
| What is biological growth? |
|
Definition
| increase in the size of cells, the number of cells, or both |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
--includes all the changes that take place during an organism's life
--structures and body form are adapted to an organism's functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintaining the internal environment within physiological limits |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of life? |
|
Definition
1. living organisms composed of cells
2. biological growth
3. metabolism processes
4. respond to stimuli
5. reproduction
6. locomotion |
|
|
Term
| What are metabolism processes? |
|
Definition
--chemical reactions and energy transformations
--essential to nutrition, growth and repair of cells, and conversion of energy
--regulation of metabolic processes maintains homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| Homeostasis is continually disrupted by what? |
|
Definition
--external stimuli - intense heat, cold, and lack of oxygen
--internal stimuli - psychological stresses, excercise |
|
|
Term
| What is response to stimuli? |
|
Definition
--physical or chemical changes in the internal or external environment
--the organism responds to changes in light, temperature, pressure, sound, or the chemical composition of soil |
|
|
Term
| What is locomotion of simpler organisms? |
|
Definition
--amoeboid movement - slow oozing of cell
--the beating of cilia or flagella |
|
|
Term
| What is locomotion of animals? |
|
Definition
--move by contracting muscles
--some are sessile and have cilia or flagella |
|
|
Term
| What are two types of reproduction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is asexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
| parent divides into two new organisms - used by simple organisms |
|
|
Term
| What is sexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
| sperm and egg fure to form fertilized egg - used by most plants and animals |
|
|
Term
| What is the hierarchy of biological organisms? |
|
Definition
1. atom
2. molecule
3. macromolecule
4. organelle
5. cell
6. tissue
7. organ
8. organ system
9. organism
10. population
11. community
12. ecosystem
13. biosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Swedish botanist in the 18th century who developed the binomial system of nomenclature. |
|
|
Term
| What is the binomial system of nomenclature? |
|
Definition
| names and classifies organisms. basic unit is a species. each species is assigned a two part name. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three domains? |
|
Definition
| Eubacteria, Archaea, Eukarya. |
|
|
Term
| Who developed the theory of evolution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the theory of evolution state? |
|
Definition
| That present forms of life descended, with modification, from previously existing forms. |
|
|
Term
| Natural selection is based on what four observations? |
|
Definition
1. Members of a species show variation.
2. Organisms produce many more offspring than will survive.
3. Organisms compete.
4. Only some survive to reproduce. |
|
|
Term
| What is the scientific method? |
|
Definition
| A series of ordered steps used to answer questions in science. Involves systematic thought. |
|
|
Term
| What is deductive reasoning? |
|
Definition
| draws conclusions from premises |
|
|
Term
| What is inductive reasoning? |
|
Definition
| begins with observations and draws conclusions or extrapolates |
|
|
Term
| What are the ordered steps of the scientific method? |
|
Definition
1. Make observation
2. Form hypothesis
3. Make a prediction
4. Perform experiments
5. Analyze results
6. Draw conclusion
7. Report results |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ultimate source of variation among individuals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smallest unit of matter that retain the properties of an element |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 types of subatomic particles and their charges? |
|
Definition
| protons - positive, neutrons - neutral, electrons - negative |
|
|
Term
| Which subatomic particles are found in the nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances that can not be split into simpler substances by ordinary means |
|
|
Term
| What is an atomic number? |
|
Definition
| a fixed number of protons in the atomic nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Number that indicates how much matter an atom contains. It is the total number of protons and neutrons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (or amu) is the unit in which the atomic mass of an atom is expressed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contain the same number of protons and electrons, but the number of neutrons varies. Are two or more forms of atoms of the same element. (ex. 12C, 14C) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| break down and emit radiation |
|
|
Term
| What is an electron shell? |
|
Definition
| Electrons at the same principal energy level make up the shell. |
|
|
Term
| What are valence electrons? |
|
Definition
| electrons that occupy the valence shell-outermost ring. have greater energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1655 Robert Hook, he studied cork. |
|
|
Term
| Who found cells in animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who stated that all plants and animals consist of cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who stated cells divide to produce new ones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ are the basic living units of organization and function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is magnification and resolution? |
|
Definition
| Two features that determine how clearly an object is viewed through microscopes. |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of cell fractionation? |
|
Definition
| To determine the function of organelles. |
|
|
Term
| How does cell fractionation work? |
|
Definition
| Cells are broken apart and the resulting cell extract spun in a centrifuge. The centrifugal force separates the extract into pellet and supernatant. |
|
|
Term
| ______ divide cell into compartments, allowing for specialized activities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What contains the DNA in eukaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA forms ______ which is organized into chromosomes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Point of RNA sysnthesis and ribosome assembly. Is not bound by a membrane. |
|
|
Term
| ________ is the network of folded internal membranes in the cytosol. |
|
Definition
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Site of lipid synthesis. Sight of detoxifying enzymes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ribosomes manufacture proteins. Proteins may be moved into the ER lumen. Proteins are folded and transported to other locations. |
|
|
Term
| ________ is composed of stacks of flattened membranous sacs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ modifies carbohydrates and lipids and packages into vesicles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breakdown worn-out cell structures, bacteria, and other substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification. contain enzymes that produce and degrade hydrogen peroxide. |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of vacuoles? |
|
Definition
| storage, growth of plant, hydrostatic (turgur) pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is the powerhouse of the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the site of aerobic respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What contains its own dna? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which organelles that carry out photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inner membrane of chloroplast encloses the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is found in the thylakoid membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During photosynthesis, chlorophyll traps ______ energy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chloroplasts contain _______ which absorb light. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the internal framework of the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cytoskeleton is made up of what materials? |
|
Definition
| microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments |
|
|
Term
| What provides structural support and is involved with transport of materials in the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell division, transport, movement. made of tubulin. |
|
|
Term
| What do microfilaments do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do intermediate filaments do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is composed of 2 actin polymers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are thin movable structures that project from cell surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the microtubule organizing center? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pericentriolar area? |
|
Definition
| formation site for mitotic spindle and microtubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell coat formed by polysaccarides extending from plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| Most bacteria, fungi, and plant cell walls are made of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addition to the glycocalyx, many animal cells are also surrounded by an _________. |
|
Definition
| extracellular matrix (ECM) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy necessary to break a chemical bond. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forces of attraction that hold atoms of a compound together |
|
|
Term
| What are the two principal types of chemical bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Covalent bonds in which electrons are shared unequally. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Covalent bonds in which electrons are shared equally. |
|
|
Term
| _______ bonds are formed due to the attraction between a cation and an anion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bonds which are formed between an atom with partial negative charge and a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to oxygen or nitrogen. |
|
|
Term
| _____ bonds share electrons between atoms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the four types of inorganic compounds. |
|
Definition
| water, acids, bases, salts |
|
|
Term
| What is the medium of nearly all chemical reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water has a partial _____ charge near the oxygen atom and partial _____ charge near hydrogen atoms. |
|
Definition
| negative near oxygen, positive near hydrogen |
|
|
Term
| Water is an excellent solvent for what two types of substances? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| While individually weak, ______ bonds are strong when present in large numbers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are hydrophobic substances? |
|
Definition
| Substances that are not disrupted or dissolved by water (ex fats) -- water fearing |
|
|
Term
| What is the most versatile solvent known? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the heat capacity of water high or low? |
|
Definition
| high, it can absorb a large amount of heat with only a small increase in its own temperature |
|
|
Term
| What happens when heat is applied to water? |
|
Definition
| The large number of hydrogen bonds are broken as heat is absorbed instead of increasing temperature of water. |
|
|
Term
| What are hydrophilic substances? |
|
Definition
| Substances that interact readily with water (ex salt) -- water loving |
|
|
Term
| What is a result of hydrogen bonds on water's surface? |
|
Definition
| high surface tension, surface is difficult to break if molecules are more attracted to each other than surrounding air molecules |
|
|
Term
| What is the equation for ph? |
|
Definition
| the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acids dissociate into ____ and one or more _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A solution's acidity is expressed in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Salts dissociate into _____ and _____, none of which are either _____ or ______. |
|
Definition
| anions and cations, neither are H+ or OH- |
|
|
Term
| Acids and bases react in the body to form what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| importants salts in the body that carry electric current (in nerve or muscle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they convert strong acids to weak ones which contribute fewer H+ ions and have less effect on PH |
|
|
Term
| Bases dissociate into ____ and one or more _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organic compounds always contain what two substances? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organic compounds usually contain what type of bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
| they are the source of energy for ATP formation and structure |
|
|
Term
| What is the most abundant organic compound? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ph of distilled water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some examples of lipids are? |
|
Definition
| fats, phospholipids, steroids, and carotenoids -- formed from C, H, and O |
|
|
Term
| What are the three sizes of carbohydrate molecules? |
|
Definition
| monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most abundant carbohydrate, it's function is structural, animals can not digest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fats composed of a single glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules, it is a very concentrated form of energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrophobic, insoluble in polar solvents like water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecules with polar and nonpolar parts |
|
|
Term
| What is the cell membrane made of? |
|
Definition
| a double layer of phospholipids with tails in center |
|
|
Term
| What are steriods formed from? |
|
Definition
| 4 rings of carbon atoms joined together |
|
|
Term
| What are some common steroids? |
|
Definition
| sex hormones, bile salts, vitamins, and cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| What is the composition of a phospholipic molecule? |
|
Definition
1. a polar head - phosphate group and glycerol molecule;
2. two nonpolar fatty acid tails which interact only with lipids;
it is amphipathic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| orange and yellow plant pigments, are lipids, hydrophobic, contribute to photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| Animals convert carotenoids to what? |
|
Definition
| vitamin A, vitamin A is converted to the visual pigment retinal |
|
|
Term
| Proteins contain what elements? |
|
Definition
| carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| Proteins are constructed from what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| starting material for synthesis of other steroids, found in animal cell membranes |
|
|
Term
| What are the levels of structural organization of proteins? |
|
Definition
| primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unique sequence of amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alpha helix or pleated sheet folding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3-dimensional shape of polypeptide chain |
|
|
Term
| What influences a protein's ability to form bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relationship of multiple polypeptide chains |
|
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