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| the classifying of organisms by internal as well as external characteristics such as phylogeny, anatomy, genetics, etc. |
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| British physician; one of the first to use microscope and discovered the "cell" which was, at the time, just the membrane of what used to be a cell; he later observed live cells that moved and stuff |
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| i'm not sure, but...theory that states all cells are the most basic functioning unit within all organisms and all cells originate from preexisting cells |
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| this is what i put down for cellulae.. so i don't know.. go figure. |
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| perfected the microscope; discovered biologicsl liquids underneath the microscope and found organisms called animacules |
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1. separates the internal environment from the external
2. determines what comes in and out of a cell
3. controls reactions by setting up gradients (calcium is released during/after signalling)
4. spearates the jobs and organelles
5. made up of a phospholipid bilayer (polar head and non polar inside; hydrophillic&hydrophobic)
6. embedded with proteins [fluid mosaic model] called integral membrane proteins [in the membrane] and peripheral membrane proteins [on the membrane]
7. selective and only permeable to certain things
8. defines what is and what is not the cell
9.the membrane is fluid because it has cholesterol in it [unsaturated]
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1. made of chitin [fungi] and cellulose [plants]
2. only plants and fungus and bacteria |
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| membranes are selective and several modes of transport are needed to allow certain molecules to pass through ..i'll come back to this card if i don't finish this in another card. |
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1. linear double stranded DNA/ chromosomes
2. has membrane bound organelles
3. usually multicellular
4. a whip flagella |
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1. outside covered by capsule layer (helps protect cell against the immune system; bacteria, stores food, helps it stick to stuff, prevents it from drying out)
2. no membrane bound organelles
3. has a nucleoid
4. has a propellor flagella |
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| compartments specialized for different functions within the cell; eucaryotes only |
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| positively charged [makes up the atomic number] |
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| the number of protons or electrons in an atom |
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| the number of protons and neutrons in an atom |
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| substance that can't be broken down to any other chemical form; composed of a single type of atom |
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| two or more forms of an atom that have the same chemistry but differ in atomic weight |
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| can only hold a certain amount of electrons and determines how many bonds and atom can make |
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| a bond that directly donates or accepts an electron and is held together by electrostatic attraction |
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| an electron donor gives up an electron and is left positively charged and oxidized |
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| an electron acceptor takes an electron and becomes negatively charged and reduced |
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| positively charged ion [ex: Na+] |
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| negatively charged ion [ex: Cl-] |
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| water, proteins, DNA is held together by this bond; weaker than covalent bonds; forms whenever a positively charged H is in a polar covalent bond and is attracted to a negative molecule; gives water the property of cohesion, adhesion [meniscus], high boiling point, low freezing point, polarity; generally hydrophillic; amino acids are connected by hydrogen bonds |
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| build things together and requires a lot of energy |
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| takes things apart and releases energy |
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| reduces the amount of energy needed to make a reaction happen; enzymes function as catalysts by lowering the activation energy; they make reactions happen faster |
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| energy needed to make a reaction happen |
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| have a 3d structure, an active site, made up of amino acids; work as catalysts |
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| the changing of shapes in macromolecules due to thermal energy |
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| substrate and enzyme match exactly and when the two connect, the structure changes slightly so that nothing else can bind to it; specificity |
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| there are 20 amino acids made up of an amino group, r group, and a carboxyl group; they differ based on their side chains and are either hydrophobic [look for long carbon side chain and ends in a carbon], hydrophillic [look for an OH], charged or uncharged, polar or non polar |
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1. part of the membrane
2. signalling molecules for recognition and transduction
3. used directly as a nutrient can be converted to sugar
4. used to store nutrients and energy in fat
5. there are four major types (fatty acids, triacylglycerol, and phospholipids) |
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| memory of cell, indirectly controls everything, double stranded formed from two separate chains covalently linked dna units |
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| electrons are attracted more strongly to specific atoms; creates an uneven distribution of electric charge |
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| lacks any sort of charge and are generally insoluble in water |
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| something that dissolves something else; water is one of the best |
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| something that gets dissolved |
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| polar; water soluble; the inside of the lipid bilayer |
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| nonpolar; insoluble in water |
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| electron acceptor; higher than 7.0 |
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| electron acceptor; lower than 7.0 |
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| diffusion of water across a membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration |
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