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research conducted to seek new knowledge and to explore and advance general scientific understanding
ex. memory, brain function, motivationa nd emotional expression |
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research conducted specifally to solve practical problems and improve the quality of life
ex. improve memory, increase motivation, decrease stress |
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| Peripheral system what makes your heart pound |
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Definition
1. somatic nervous
2. autonomic system
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| The structure, located above teh brainstem, that acts as a relay station for information flowing into orout of the forebrain. egg shaped, senses except small damaging amygdala can impair a person's ability to recognize anger/fear. it also enables humans/animal to avoid dangerous animals. |
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regulates hunger/thirst/sexual behavior/emotional behavior
-Biological clock/internal body temperature |
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1.Cornea-transparent front covering that bends light rays
2. Pupil-small opening that admits light
3. Iris-colored part of eye that controls pupil
4. Retina-tissue that contrains sensory receptors
5. Lens-trasnparent disc behind iris that focuses images
6. Fovea-small area at center of retina where vision is sharpest
7. Blind spot-point where optic never joins retina
8. Optic nerve-nerve that connects the eye to the brain |
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| a group of structures in the brain, including the amygdala and hippocampus, taht are collectively involved in emotional expression, memory, and motivation |
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| important role in emotion, particularly inresponse to unpleasant or punishing stimuli. involved in the learning of fear responses the amygdala helps form vivid memeroies...helps avoid dangerous situations. if damaged it can impair a person's ability to recognize facial expressions and tones of voice that are assoicated with fear and anger. part of the limbic system |
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hindbrain, the midbrain and forebrain
1. hindbrain-a link between the spinal cord adn teh braint hat contains structures that regulate physiological functions, including heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure
2. midbrain-area that lies between the hindbrain and the forebrain, area that contrains structures linking thephysiological functions of teh hindbrain to the cognitive functions of the forebrain. ex. when you burn your finger
3.forebrain- the largerest part of the brain where cognitive functions as well as many ofthe motor functiosn of the brain are carried out. Forebrain contains TWO important structures:thalumus, hypothalamus |
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important in the limbic system in the interior temporal lobes that helps store new memories. if damage you cannot store any new information.
◦part of the limbic system
◦central role in storing new memories, responses to new or unexpected stimuli, and navigational ability |
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1.Frontal lobes-the largest of the brain's lobes, contrain the motor cortex, broca's area, and the frontal association areas
2.parietal lobes-lies behind frontal lobe. reception and and processing of touch stimuli.
3.occipital lobes-behind prietal lobes at the rear of the brain. involved in the reception and interpretatin of cisual information
4.temporal lobes- slightly above ears. involved in the reception and interpretation of auditory stimuli |
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| Color vision: hue, saturation, brightness |
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Definition
1.hue-refers to the specific color received
2.saturation- refers to the purity of a color; a color becomes less saturated, or less pure, as otehr wavelenghts of light are mixed with it.
3. brightness- reffers to the intensity of the light energy that is perceived as a color and corresponds to the amplitude (height) of the color's light wave. |
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1.cornea-transparent front fovering that bends light rays
2. pupil- small opening that admits light
3. iris- colored part of the eye that controls pupil
4. retina-tissue that contrains sensory receptors
5. lens- transparent disc behind iris that focuses images
6. fovea-small area at the centerof retina where vision is sharpest
7.blind spot- point where optic nerve joins retina
5. optic nerve-nerve that connects the eye to the brian |
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Definition
◦uses a rotating, computerized X-ray tube
◦produces cross-sectional images of brain structures |
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◦produces clearer and more detailed images without exposure to potentially dangerous X-rays of a CT scan
◦can be used to find abnormalities in the central nervous system and in other systems of the body |
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◦used to study normal brain activity and identify malfunctions
◦maps patterns of blood flow, oxygen use, and glucose consumption
–glucose: food of the brain
◦allows for the study of the action of drugs and other biochemical substances in the brain and other organs |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
◦somatic nervous system
– consists of all sensory nerves and motor nerves
◦autonomic nervous system
– transmits messages between the central nervous system and glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscles |
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| Automonic nervous system: sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
◦mobilizes the body’s resources during stress and emergencies |
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| Autonomic nervous system:parasympathetic nervous system |
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◦brings heightened bodily responses back to normal following an emergency |
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| central nervous system: spinal cord |
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Definition
◦best thought of as extension of the brain
◦transmits messages between the brain and the peripheral nervous system
◦can act without help from the brain to protect the body from injury |
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| what are some important factors of critical thinking? |
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Definition
1. independant thinking-when thinking critically, we do not automatically acept and believe what we read or hear
2. suspicion of judgement-critical thining requires gathering relevant and up-to-date info on all dides of an issue before taking a position
3. willingness to modify or abandon prior judgement-crital thining involves evaluating new evidence, even when it contradicts preexisting beliefs |
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Definition
}Structures control vital functions.
}Brainstem
◦begins at the site where the spinal cord enlarges as it enters the skull
}Medulla
◦controls heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, coughing, swallowing
}Reticular Formation
◦plays a crucial role in arousal and attention
◦screens sensory messages entering the brain
}Pons
◦plays a role in body movement
◦influences sleep and dreaming
}Cerebellum
◦helps the body execute smooth, skilled movements
◦regulates muscle tone and posture
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Definition
}The midbrain links the physiological functions of the hindbrain to the cognitive functions of the forebrain.
}SubstantiaNigra
◦controls unconscious motor movements |
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Definition
◦a measure of the smallest increase or decrease in a physical stimulus required to produce the just noticeable difference |
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| Just Noticeable Difference (JND) |
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Definition
◦the smallest change in sensation a person is able to detect 50 percent of the time
-JND depends on a percentage of change in a stimulus rather than on a fixed amount of change |
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| what causes the blind spot? |
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Definition
| the point in each retina where there are no rods or cones because the cable of ganglion cells is extending through the reginal wall |
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sansation:the process through which the senses pick up visual, auditory stimuli and transmit them to the brain
perception: the process by which the brain actively organizes and interprets sensory information |
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| particepant's response to a treatment is due to his or her expectations about the treatment rather than to the treatment itself. |
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| what part of the eye dialates to adjust amount of light entering in the pupil? |
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indepenent
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dependant variable |
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Definition
1. independant- in an experiment, or condition that is delliberately manipulated to determine wheter it cause any change in another behavior or condition
2. dependent-the factor or condition that is measured at teh end of an experiment and is presumed to vary as a result of the manipulations of the the independent variable |
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| a record of brain wave activity made by a machine called the electroencephalograph |
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1. description-describe behavior or mental process as accurately as possible. identify and classifying behaviors.
2. explanation- suggest causes for behavior or mental processes of interest. proposing reasons for bahaviors and mental processes
3. prediction-specify conditions under which behavior or mental process is likely to occur
4. influence-apply the results of a study to change a condition in order to bring about a desired real-world outcome or prevent in undersired real world outcome |
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1. systemaic procedures
2. design a study to investigate the problem
3. collect and analyse data
4. draw conclusions
5. support |
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Experimental
vs.
control groups |
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Definition
1. experimental-in an experiment, the group that is exposed to an independent variable
2. control-in an experiment group similar to the experiemtnal group that is exposed to the same experimental enviornment but is not given the treatment; used for purposes of comparison |
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| what happens when a constant stibulus is no longer noticeable? |
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}Structuralism
◦Aimed at analyzing the basic elements, or structure, of conscious mental experience
◦Criticized for its primary method, introspection
–considered not objective
◦Established psychology as a science
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Edward Bradford Titchener (1867–1927)
◦Studied under Wundt
◦Established a psychological laboratory at Cornell University
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Named his school of thought “structuralism” |
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| neurotransmitters and what they affect? |
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Definition
1.Acetylcholine(ACH)-affects movent, learning, memory, REM sleep
2. Dopamine (DA)-affects momvemt, attention, learning, reinformcent, pleasure
3. Norepinephrine(NE)-affects eating, alertness, wakefulness
4. Epinephrine-affects metabolism of glucose, energy release during exercise
5.Serotonin-affects mood, sleep, appetite, impulsivity, agression
6.Glutamate-acitve in areas of the brain involved in learning, thought, and emotion
7.GABA-facilitates neural inhibition in central nervous system
8.Endorphins-provide relief from pain and feelings of pleasure and well-being
pg.43 |
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| What we know about basic sensation? |
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Definition
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| what sample would you use in a survey method? |
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1.cell body:
-contains the nucleaus
-carries out the metabolic functions of the neuron
2.Dentrites:
-primary receivers of signals from other neurons
3. axon:
-slender, tail-like extension of the neuron
-sprouts into branches, each ending in a bulbous axon terminal |
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Term
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Definition
◦how humans and animals use mental processes to adapt to their environment
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William James (1842–1910)
◦main advocate of functionalism
◦ clarified definition of mental processes
–fluid
–have continuity
–not the rigid, fixed structures suggested by the
Structuralists
}Broadened the scope of psychology
◦study of behavior as well as mental processes
}Allowed for the study of children, animals, and the mentally impaired
}Focused on more practical uses of psychology
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encouraged study of educational practices, individual differences, and adaptation in the workplace
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Definition
}Behaviorism – John Watson
}Psychoanalysis – Sigmund Freud
}Humanistic – Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
}Cognitive and Gestalt – Perls
}Evolutionary Psychology – Leda Cosmides and John Tooby
}Biological Psychology
}Sociocultural Approach – Lesley Lambright |
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study method
1. survey
2. question
3. read
4. recite
5. review |
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Glial cells
vs.
polygenic cells |
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Definition
1. glial cells-located in the brain and spinal cord. support neurons, remove waste products.
perform other manufacturing, nourishing, and cleanup tasks |
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| the theory of color vision suggesting that three kinds of cells respond by increasing or decreasing their rate of firing when different colors are present. |
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the ability to perceive the visual world in three dimensions and to judge distances accurately.
-see things in different dimension but our eyes see in only two dimension (pilotes have to take a test in order to fly) |
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depends on both eyes of depth perception. binocular you can see with two
mono-see with one |
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| perceived as being in motion |
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| can't figure out, no matter what senses you use |
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| School of thought: behaviorism |
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Definition
}Named by John Watson
}Redefined psychology as “the science of behavior”
}Observable, measurable behavior is the only appropriate subject matter.
}Environment is the key determinant of behavior.
}Most influential school of thought until the 1960s
school of thought that views behabior as appropraite subject matter and emphasizes the key role of enviornment as a determinant of bavior |
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| school of humanistic psych |
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Definition
the school of psych that focus on the uniqueness of human beings and their capacity for choice, growth, and psychological health. |
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| School of thought psychoanalysis |
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| the term fraud used for both his theory of personality and his therapy for the treatment of psychological disorders; the unconscious is the primary focus of psychoanalytic theory. |
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Definition
when alpha waves outnumber beta waves, we enter the first of the four NREM sleep stages:
stage 1: transition from waking to sleeping;irrefular waves with occasional alpha waves
stage 2: transition from light to deper sleep; sleep spindles(waves with alternating periods of clam adn flashes of intense activity)appear
stage 3: deeper sleep; slow wave sleep begins when EEG shows 20% of brain waves are delta waves
stage 4: deepest sleep begins when 50% of waves are delta waves .
-after 40 mins we enter stage 4
pg. 113
sleep terrors happen during stage 4. NREM are less memorble thanREM dreams |
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| the vivid dreams people remember and talk about |
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Outer Ear:
1.Pinna
2. Auditory canal
Inner Ear
1. semicircular canal
2. cochlea
AUDITORY NERVE-nerve that transmits electical impulses generated by hair cells in the choclea to the brain
Middle ear:
1. Eardrum-flexible membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves
2.ossicles-small bones named for their shapes:hammer, anvil, stirrup
3. Oval window-membrane that transmits vibrations from ossicles to cochlea |
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| Freud's term for the content of a dream as recalled by the dreamer |
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| Freud's term for the underlying meaning of a dream |
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any substance that alters mood, perception, or thought
illicit-illegal drugs
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Definition
Caffeine
Nicotine
Amphetamines
Cocaine |
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Alcohol
Barbiturates
Minor Tranquilizers
Narcotics |
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Marijuana
LSD
Designer Drugs |
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| interpreting dreams: evolutionary theory of dreaming |
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Definition
| suggest vivid, emotionally charged REM dreams. the view that vivid REM dreams enable pple to rehearse the skills needed to fend off threats and predators |
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interpreting dreams: cognitive theory of dreaming
vs. activationsynthesis hypothesis of dreaming |
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cognitive theory of dreaming: Hall proposed that dreaming is simply thinking while asleep.
activationsynthesis:dreams are brains attempt to make sense of the random firing of brain cells during REM sleep. Dreams have a significance meaning. |
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Definition
| a hynotized person is a function of that person's expectations about how subjects behave under hypnosis |
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