Seven Major Characteristics common to all living organisms

• Cells and Organization
• Energy Use & Metabolism
• Response to Environment changes
• Regulation & Homeostasis
• Growth & Development
• Reproduction
• Biological Evolution

1. atoms
2. Molecules & Macromolecules
3. Cells
4. Tissues
5. Organs
6. Organism
7. Population
8. Community
9. Ecosystem
10. Biosphere

• Genetic exchange between different species
• Relatively rare
• Genes that confer antibiotic resistance are sometimes transferred between different bacteria species

Classification:

The three major domains

Four major kingdoms in the domain Eukarya

1. Bacteria                       1. Fungi

2. Archaea                       2. Animals

3. Eukarya                       3. Plants

                                     4. Protists

Taxonomic Groups

(most to least inclusive)

1. Domain                            5. Order

2. Kingdom                           6. Family

3. Phylum                            7. Genus

4. Class                              8. Species

All of the types and relative amounts of proteins that are made in a particular cell at a particular time and under specific condtions.

The proteome largely determines a cell's structure and function.

Hypothesis Method

(Scientific Method)

Reductionism

Theory

Prokaryotic

A cell structure that is relatively simple because it lacks a distinct nucleus.

• Based on the principleso f chemistry and physics
• Al living organisms are a collection of atoms and molecules

Atoms

• Smallest functional untis of matter that form all chemical substances and that cannot be further broekn down into other substances byb ordinary chemcial or physical means

• Proton +1
• Electron -1
• Neutron 0

₇N

What does the 7 subscript mean?

how many protons are in an atom

¹⁶O

What does the superscript 16 mean on this oxygen atom?

H₂

What does the subscript after the Hydrogen atom mean?

• by atomic number and electron shells.
• elements based on similar chemical properties
• the same number of electrons in their outer shells

• Controlling thyroid glands
• using the radiation to detect using various imaging techniqes such as PET scans.

where atoms share a pari of electrons between atoms whose outer shells are not full.

H-F

H-O-H

these atoms are very stable since ther outer shells are full of e-

A molecule containing an atom with a single, unpaired electron in its outer shell.

cells in our bodies create free radicals and use them to kill invading cells such as bacteria.

(hydrogen peroxide does this)

What do all chemical reactions require?

(4)

1. A source of energy
2. Often need to be catalyzed
3. Proceed in a given direction until they reach equilibrium
4. in living systems they proceed in aqueous environments.

Can be found as a solid, liquid or gas.

Found most commonly as a liquid.

heat of evaporation

the amount of heat energy that must be withdrawn or released from a substance to cause it to change from the liquid to the solid state.

Reactions that use water to break apart another molecule.

R1-R2 + H-O-H -> R1-OH + H-R2

the H⁺ concentration found in a solution.

It is acidic if it is a pH of 6 or lower

It is Alkaline with a pH of above 7

Are compounds that act to minimize pH fluctuations in the fluids of living oragnisms. Buffer systems can raise or lower pH as needed.

Solute

Solvent

Solution

• substances dissovledi n a liquid
• liquid in which substances are dissolved
• solutes disolve in a solvent form this

The temperature at which a solution freezes or vaporizes that is influenced by the amounts of dissolved solutes.

they depend strctly on the concentration of dissovled solute particles, not on the specific type of particle

grams of a substance

M.W. of a substance

moles of substance

Liters of substance

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

1. Aminos                           6. Hydroxyl

2. carbonyl                          7. Methyl

3. Ketone                            8. Phosphate

4. Aldehyde                         9. Sulfate

5 Carboxyl                          10.Sulfhydryl

a pair of molecules that are mirror images.

they share the identical chemical properites such as solubility and melting point. but there orientation of atoms in space differ their ability to noncovalently bind to other molecules.