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chapter 9
joints
31
Biology
Undergraduate 2
02/09/2012

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Term
Joint =
Definition
Articulation

- a point of contact between two bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bone and teeth
Term
Joint Classification
Definition
- joints are classified structurally based on their anatomical characteristics
Term
joints
Definition
A. Fibrous Joints: are classified functionally based on the kind of movement they permit
B. Cartilaginous Joints:

- do not have a synovial cavity and the articulating bones are connected with cartilage
C. Synovial Joints:

- a space called the Synovial Cavity lies between the articulating bones

- these are considered to be freely moveable
Term
A. Fibrous Joints:
Definition
are classified functionally based on the kind of movement they permit

- do not have a synovial cavity and the articulating bones are held together with Fibrous connective tissue

- these allow little to no movement
Term
Sutures:
Definition
- a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue connects the bones of the skull

nt - functionally, this kind of joint is called a synarthrosis, i.e. an immovable joint (these joints tend to ossify with age to form a synostosis)
Term
Syndesmoses:
Definition
- a fibrous joint which has a greater distance between articulating bones than sutures and more fibrous connective tissue

- ex. the sheen of connective tissue that connects the Tibia and Fibula

nt - these joints are slightly moveable, i.e. amphiarthrosis
Term
Gomphosis:
Definition
- where a cone shaped peg fits into a socket

- ex. connecting the jaw to the teeth
Term
Cartilaginous Joints:
Definition
- do not have a synovial cavity and the articulating bones are connected with cartilage

- these allow little to no movement
Term
Synchondroses:
Definition
- contains Hyaline Cartilage

- ex. the Epiphyseal plates
Term
Symphyses:
Definition
- a broad, flat disk of fibrocartilage connects the bones

- ex. Intervertebral Disks and Symphysis Pubis
Term
Synovial Joints:
Definition
- a space called the Synovial Cavity lies between the articulating bones

- these are considered to be freely moveable

nt - functionally, freely moveable joint is called a diarthrosis

- the bone ends of these joints are covered with Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage
Term
other components of Synovial Joints:
Definition
1. Articular Capsule:
2. Synovial Fluid
3. Accessory Ligaments:
4. Meniscus = Articular disc
5. Bursae:
6. Tendon Sheaths:
Term
Articular Capsule:
Definition
- surrounds the synovial joint to form the Synovial Cavity

- two layers:

a. outer layer is the Fibrous Capsule, often contains Ligaments

b. inner layer is the Synovial Membrane
Term
Synovial Fluid
Definition
- secreted by the Synovial Membrane

- a viscous fluid that lubricates and nourishes joint surfaces
Term
Accessory Ligaments:
Definition
- some joints contain ligaments inside or outside the joint cavity
Term
Meniscus =
Definition
Articular disc

- a pad of fibrocartilage that lies between certain articulating bones

- ex. knee joint
Term
Bursae:
Definition
- tiny, fluid filled, saclike structures around certain joints that help reduce friction caused by movement

- Bursitis = inflammation of a bursa
Term
Tendon Sheaths:
Definition
- a tube like bursae that wraps around certain tendons

- these help reduce friction where tendons pass through synovial cavities
Term
Flexion:
Definition
- a decrease in the angle between articulating bones
Term
Extension:
Definition
- an increase in the angle between articulating bones, or to restore a body part to the Anatomical Position
Term
Hyperextension:
Definition
- a continuation of extension beyond the Anatomical Position
Term
Abduction:
Definition
- the movement of a bone away from the midline

- the midline for the hand is the middle finger

- the midline for the foot is the second toe
Term
Adduction:
Definition
- movement of a bone towards the midline
Term
Circumduction:
Definition
- movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle

- requires movement in more than one plane of motion
Term
Rotation:
Definition
- when a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
Term
Opposition:
Definition
- the movement of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint in which the thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers of the same hand
Term
Sprain
Definition
- damage to a joint that tears ligaments, but does not dislocate bones

- can cause significant damage to surrounding tissues
Term
Dislocation
Definition
- a displacement of a bone from a joint

- this results in the tearing of the articular capsule and adjacent tissues
Term
Osteoarthritis (O.A.) =
Definition
Degenerative Joint Disease (D.J.D.)

- a degenerative disorder of synovial joints where the articular cartilage is gradually lost

- associated with the normal "wear and tear" on joints

- calcium deposits around the joint to create "spurs"
Term
Rheumatoid Arthritis (R.A.)
Definition
- an autoimmune disorder (the body attacks its own tissues)

- this disorder usually occurs bilaterally (vs. R.A.)

- often leads to joint fusion
Term
Gouty Arthritis (Gout)
Definition
- a disorder associated with the build up of Uric Acid (a waste product of Nucleic Acid metabolism)

- as Uric Acid build up it forms crystals which are deposited in soft tissues of joints, these crystals irritate and inflame joints eroding away articulating surfaces
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