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| ( "Charles the Great" ) a.d. 742–814, king of the Franks 768–814; as Charles I, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 800–814. |
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| the Eastern Roman Empire after the fall of the Western Empire in a.d. 476. Capital: Constantinople. |
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| ( often initial capital letter ) any of the military expeditions undertaken by the Christians of Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Muslims. |
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a fee or feud held of a feudal lord; a tenure of land subject to feudal obligations.
Hagia Sophia a 6th century masterpiece of Byzantine architecture in Istanbul; built as a Christian church, converted to a mosque in 1453, and made into a museum in the middle of the 20th century |
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| a Germanic empire located chiefly in central Europe that began with the coronation of Charlemagne as Roman emperor in a.d. 800 (or, according to some historians, with the coronation of Otto the Great, king of Germany, in a.d. 962) and ended with the renunciation of the Roman imperial title by Francis II in 1806, and was regarded theoretically as the continuation of the Western Empire and as the temporal form of a universal dominion whose spiritual head was the pope. |
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| an act or instance of illuminating |
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| a city in and the capital of Ukraine, on the Dnieper River. |
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| the monastic system, condition, or mode of life. |
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| abbreviation for Russia (international car registration) |
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| division or disunion, especially into mutually opposed parties |
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| person in a condition of servitude, required to render services to a lord, commonly attached to the lord's land and transferred with it from one owner to another. |
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| (in the feudal system) a person granted the use of land, in return for rendering homage, fealty, and usually military service or its equivalent to a lord or other superior; feudal tenant. |
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| a 6th century masterpiece of Byzantine architecture in Istanbul; built as a Christian church, converted to a mosque in 1453, and made into a museum in the middle of the 20th century |
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