Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process in which a single cell or set of cells produce offspring that inherit all their genetic material from one parent; single-celled organisms such as Paramecium usually produce this way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process in which genetic material from two parents combines and produces offspring that differ genetically from either parent; invlolves union of sex cells such as egg and sperm- egg+sperm=zygote |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. outer skin is dead 2. living cells divide to produce new cells 3. new cells move outward to the surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a series of events in which cell division occurs; takes place in single cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin strands of DNA and protein; invisible under a microscope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA tightly coiled around protein; visible under a microscope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two identical joined copies of a molecule of DNA held together with a centromere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different for different species but humans have 46 (23 from one parent, 23 from the other) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two complete sets of genetic material inside each cell in your body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each chromosome of a pair of chromosomes; also referred to as a homologous pair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| takes up 90% of cell cycle; when cell carries out metabolic processes; performs functions within a cell; increases amount of protein and organelles and grows; DNA is replicated in preperation for nuclear division; prepares cell for mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
G1(gap one)-cell growth
S- DNA synthesized
G2-(gap two)-cell prepares to divide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (M part in the cell cycle)stage where cell actually dividing; composed of 2 processes: mitosis and cytokinesis; occurs only in nucleus; very accurate division of DNA and errors are rare |
|
|
Term
| stages of Mitosis- "the Mitosis Dance" |
|
Definition
| prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosome visible as sister chromatids; nuclear envelope disappears; nucleolus disappears; chromatids attach to spindle fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes line up at equatorial plate; chromosomes attach to spindle fibers(a.k.a. microtubules) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sister chromatids seperate; spindle fibers guide chromatids toward opposite poles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| final stage of mitosis in which spindle disappears; nuclear envelope reappears and forms around chromosomes; chromosomes uncoil; nucleoli reappear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| division of the cytoplasm; results in two identical sex cells; plants form cell plate inside cell; animals form indention on outside of the cell (indentation is called cleavage furrow) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an abmormal mass of essentially normal cells sometimes causing health problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| masses of cells that result from the reproduction of cancer cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disease caused by severe disruption of mechanisms that normally control the cell cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the spread of cancer cells beyond their original site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of cell division that produces four cells, each with half the number of chromosomes; in animals it occurs in sex organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a display of 46 chromosomes of an individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two chromosomes of each matching pair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the 23rd pair of chromosomes that determines the person's sex; occurs in two forms x and y; males have one of each and females have two x chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that contain two homologous sets of chromosomes; total number in humans is 46 or 2n=46 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have a single set of chromosomes, one from each homologous pair; also known as sex cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cell with a single set of chromosomes; abbreviated as n; humans have 23 of them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the nucleus of a haploid sperm cell from father fuses with nucleus of a haploid egg cell from mother; resulting fertilized egg called zygote is diploid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| homologous chromosomes(composed of two sister chromatids)separated from one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sister chromatids are seperated much as they are in mitosis; resulting cells are haploid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins cause homologous chromosomes to stick together along their length; paired chromosomes, consisting of four chromatids called tetrads; first stage of meiosis I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tetrads move to middle of cell and line up across spindle; second stage of meiosis I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| homologous chromosomes seperate as they migrate to opposite poles of spindle; sister chromatids migrate together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes arrive at poles; each pole now has a haploid daughter nucleus because it only has one set of chromosomes; cytokinesis usually occurs with it forming 2 haploid daughter cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in each haploid daughter cell a spindle forms, attaches to centromeres, and moves individual chromosomes to middle of cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes line up in middle of cell with spindle microtubules attached to each sister chromatid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromatids arrive at poles; cytokinesis splits cells one more time; this is end of meiosis- produces in all four haploid daughter cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes; occurs during prophase I in meiosis; when it begins the homologous chromosomes are paired along their lengths; can produce a single chromosome containing new combination of genetic info. from diff. parents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resulting from crossing over when a single chromosome contains new combination of genetic info. from diff. parents |
|
|
