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| a system in which weaker vassals (weaker lords) serve stronger nobles (stronger lords) receiving protection in return. |
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| Members of the military elite who received land from a lord in return for military service and loyalty. |
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| Where did many serfs live? |
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| On self-sufficient agricultural estates. |
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| Rulers in northern Italy and Germany following the breakup of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy, |
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| Carolingian monarch who established a large empire in France and Germany. |
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| Carolingian monarch of the Franks: defeated Muslims at Tours in 732 |
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| What was King John of England forced to do in 1215? |
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| To recognize feudal rights in the Magna Carta. |
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| plague that struck Europe in the 14th century, significantly reduced Europe"s population; affected social structure; Bubonic Plague |
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| a technological innovation, a plow that allowed deeper tuning of the soil. |
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| Conflict between England and France (1338-1453) |
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| lead French army to victory |
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| Medieval code used by knights which included the ideals of courage, honor, and the protection of the weak |
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| Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England |
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| Eventually called parliament. By 1400, two chambers evolved: House of Lords(nobles and clergy) House of Commons (knights and burgesses) |
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| 968-1150 CE; nomadic peoples; established capital at Tula; strong militaristic society; cult of human sacrifice; adopted many cultural features from sedentary peoples; introduced metal working; by 1150 the Toltecs fell into decline and no longer dominated the region |
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| arrived around 12th century CE; established their capital at Tenochtitlan on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco; Tenochtitlan became the center of Aztec power |
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| What did the Aztecs develop? |
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| The Aztecs developed a self-image as a people chosen to serve the gods |
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| government ruled by a person who claims to have the sanction of a god or gods. This can have a powerful effect on the people if religion is important to the culture |
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| Aztecs conquered Central America and developed a tribute system from the conquered people which included giving up some of the conquered people for human sacrifice; rulers used sacrifice as an effective means of political terror |
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| The ruler of Tenochtitlan, the Great Speaker, surpassed all other in wealth and power. He was in charge of the court. |
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| artificial floating islands that permitted the harvesting of high-yield multiple yearly crops; helped feed large Aztec population |
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| Reasons for the Decline of the Aztecs |
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Invasion of the Spanish, led by Hernan Cortes - Led expedition of 600 Spanish soldiers to coast of Mexico in 1519; responsible for defeat of Aztec empire and captured Tenochtitlan
Lack of technology for Aztecs, especially the wheel, made basic food preparation laborious and difficult
Aztec tribute system caused problems; conquered people grew resentful
Religious need for more sacrificial victim's pushed the empire to expand, beyond its ability to control |
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| Where were the Incas located? |
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| They were centered in the Andes Mountains. Emerged in Cuzco (present day Peru) |
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| interpretation of the Inca Empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole |
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| Inca ruler (1438 -1471) - began the military campaigns that marked the creation of the Inca Empire |
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| Inca religious center at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas |
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| System of knotted strings used by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for a census and financial records |
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Stability allowed for development in mathematics, architecture and metallurgy
Architecture – precise stone buildings
Math – developed quipu to record information
They laid over 2,500 miles of roads throughout their empire, an engineering feat similar to that of the Roman Empire |
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| Similarities between Incas and Aztecs |
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Both empires were based on the long development of civilizations that preceded them. They excelled in imperial and military organization. Based on intensive agriculture
Nobility was the personnel of the state. They were based on conquest and exploitation of sedentary peoples. |
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| Differences between Incas and Aztecs |
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Climate and geography. Trade and markets were more developed among the Aztecs.
Differences in metallurgy, writing systems, social structure. Also the Incas did not have the tribute system but required military support or labor. |
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| Creator of the great syntheses of medieval learning. Believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God. |
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| Roman Architectural Style |
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| Rounded Arches, Thick Walls, Dark and Simplistic Interiors. |
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| Pointed Arches, Flying buttresses. |
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| Dominant medieval philosophical approach, based on the use of logic to resolve theological problems. |
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| 1/10 tax on your asset given to the church. |
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| What did the Medieval Catholic Church do? |
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| Filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world. |
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| What did Clovis of Franks demonstrate? |
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| Spiritual and Political power of the church. |
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| Seagoing Scandinavian raiders. |
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| In Europe, what did people value over everything? |
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| What was the time period of the Middle Ages? |
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| Language of Western Europe |
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| Official Language of the Byzantine Empire |
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| The Byzantine Empire reached it's greatest size under _________ rule. |
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| Which Byzantine Emperor established a capital at Constantinople? |
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| Territories of the Byzantine Empire |
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-Balkans
-Middle East
-E. Mediterranean |
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| refers to policies or people who oppose the religious use of images and advocate. The destruction of such images. |
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| Justinian's codification of Roman Law reconciled Roman edicts and decisions. Justinian's greatest achievement. |
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-Grandson of Ivan III
-nobles granted land for military service
-tied serfs to land
-introduced Russia to extreme absolute power |
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-recovered Russian territories
-tried to limit power of boyars
-took on the title of Czar |
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| What did Russian princes have to do to rule without Mongol influence? |
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| type of architectural domes that frequently adorn Russian Orthodox Churches |
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| What religion did Prince Vladimir convert to? |
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| What was Kiev separated by? |
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| Christian crusaders take over Constantinople. |
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| What did Muslims rename Constantinople? |
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-Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople
-End of Byzantine Empire |
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| When did Crusaders take Constantinople? |
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| When did the final break between Orthodox Christian churches occur? And why? |
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| 1054, over arguments over bread and celibacy of priests. |
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| the great domed church constructed during the reign of Justinian |
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| a combination of Christianity, Greek art and education, Roman engineering, and Middle Eastern culture. |
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| Group of nomadic tribes from central Asia who push through central Europe during the 4th and 5th centuries which instigated the migration of Germanic tribes into Rome, leading to the fall of the Roman Empire. |
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| Russian landowning aristocrats; they possessed less political power and influence than their western European counterparts. |
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| Major commercial city located in the Ukraine; founded in the 9th century and flourished until the 12th century before being looted and burned. |
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