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| Scottish-born industrialist who developed the US steel industry; his is a rags-to-riches story as he made a fortune in business and sold his holdings in 1901 for $447 M. He spent the rest of his life giving away $350 M to worthy cultural and educational causes. |
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| Republican campaign tactic that blamed the Democrats for the Civil War; it was used successfully in campaigns from 1868 to 1876 to keep Democrats out of public office, especially the presidency. |
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| Unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey who marched to Washington demanding a government road-building program and currency inflation for the needy; Coxey was arrested for stepping on grass at the Capitol and the movement collapsed. |
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| A major scandal in Grant's second term; a construction company aided by members of Congress, bilked the government out of $20-$40 M in building the transcontinental railroad. Members of Congress were bribed to cover up the overcharges. |
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| DAWES GENERAL ALLOTMENT ACT 1887 |
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| Abolished communal ownership on Indian Reservations; each family head got 160 acres of reservation land; 80 acres for a single person; 40 acres for each dependent child. More than 2/3 of Indians' remaining lands were lost due to this law. |
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| Labor leader arrested during the Pullman Strike. He ran for president 5 times between 1900 and 1920. |
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| Political movement to inflate currency by government issuance of $16 of silver for every $1 of gold in circulation; it was supported by farmers who sought to counter declining crop prices and increase money supply. |
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| Laws in southern states that exempted votes from taking literacy tests or paying poll taxes if their grandfathers had voted as of January 1, 1867; It gave white southerners the vote and disenfranchised African Americans. |
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| A farmer's organization and movement that started as a social/educational association; the Grange later organized politically to pass a series of law to regulate railroads in various states. |
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| Only Democrat elected to presidency from 1856 to 1912; he served 2 non-consecutive terms; elected in 1844, losing in 1888 and winning again in 1892. His second term was marred by the Great Depression of 1893. |
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| Violent incident at a workers' rally held in Chicago's Haymarket Square; political radicals and labor leaders called the rally to support a strike at the nearby McCormick Reaper works. When police tried to break it up, a bomb was thrown in the midst, killing 8 and wounding 67. The incident hurt the Knights of Labor and Governor John Altgeld. |
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| Encouraged westward settlement by allowing heads of families to buy 160 acres of land for a small fee ($10-30); settlers were required to develop and remain on the land for 5 years. Over 400,000 families got land through this law. |
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| Former Civil War general who ran for president in 1880 with the Greenback Party and the Populist Party in 1892. |
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| Series of laws passed in southern states in the 1880s and 1890s that segregated the races in many facets of life. Considered constitutional by Plessy v. Ferguson. |
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| Wave of immigration from 1880s until the early 20th century; millions came from southern and eastern Europe, who were poor, uneducated, Jewish and Catholic. They settled in large cities and prompted a nativist backlash and eventual restrictions on immigration in the 1920s. |
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| Reform passed by Congress that restricted the Spoils System. |
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| A largely farmers' party aiming to inflate currency and to promote government action against railroads and trusts; it also called for a graduated income tax and immigration restrictions. Its platform was never enacted in the 1890s, but it became the basis of some Progressive reforms in the early 20th century. It's also known as the People's Party. |
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| Labor leader and president of the American Federation of Labor; Gompers believed that craft unions would gain skilled workers better wages and working conditions. He emphasized support for capitalism and opposition to socialism. |
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| SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST ACT 1890 |
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| First federal action against monopolies; the law gave government power to regulate combinations "in restraint of the trade" |
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| Republicans in the 1870s who supported Grant and Conckling; they accepted machine politics and the spoils system and were challenged by other Republicans called Half-Breeds, who supported the civil service reform. |
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| Scandal in NYC; William Marcy Tweed headed a corrupt Democratic political machine (Tammany Hall) that looted $100-200 M from the city. |
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| Spokesman for agrarian western values, 1896-1925, and three-time Democratic presidential candidate; in 1896, his "Cross of Gold" speech and a free-silver platform gained support from Democrats and Populists but he lost the election. |
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| Republican president, 1897-1901, who represented the conservative Eastern establishment; he stood for expansion, high tariffs, and the gold standard. He led the nation during the Spanish-American War and was assassinated in 1901 by a radical political anarchist. |
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