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| tried to make vaccine for pneumonia. worked with mice. discovered transformation. (1928) |
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| stated DNA is transferred in transformation. most scientists skeptical. (1944) |
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| studied bacteriophage. proved that DNA, not protein, is genetic material. (1952) |
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| discovered equal amounts of nucleotides (A,C,T,G) in DNA. |
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| saw DNA's shape using x-ray diffraction photo. (1952) |
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| published first to describe DNA twisted ladder shape. "double helix." came up with terms for nucleotides, (purines & pyrimadines). (1953) |
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| virus that infects bacteria |
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| bad attacks good & good becomes bad. |
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| "twisted ladder" shape of DNA |
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| open up the double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds |
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| two areas where the double helix seperates. |
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| adds new nucleotides to the exposed nitrogen bases |
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| fragments on lagging strand that are bound by DNA ligase |
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| when does DNA replication occur? |
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| carries sequences of nucleotides that code for protein from nucleus to ribosomes. |
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| picks up individual amino acids in cytoplasm and carries them to ribosomes. |
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| sequence of 3 bases in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid. |
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| sequence of three bases on tRNA |
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| transferring a gene's instructions for making a protein to an RNA molecule |
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| reading instructions on an RNA molecule to put together the amino acids that make up a protein |
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| involves manipulation of genetic information. |
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| production of organisms with new genetic traits |
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| DNA is taken from one organism and spliced into the DNA of another. the new combined DNA is called ____________ ___. |
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| DNA is in the form of a ring called a _______. |
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| production of a complete organism from a somatic cell |
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| recognize specific short sequences of DNA, then cut the DNA at specific sites within the sequences. |
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| an agent that is used to carry the gene of interest into another cell |
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| piece of DNA that overlaps the promoter site and serves as the on-off switch is called an ________. |
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| group of genes that codes for enzymes involved in the same function, their promotor site, and the operator all function together as an ______. |
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| operon that controls the metabolism of lactose |
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| protein that binds to an operator and blocks RNA polymerase from binding to a promoter site |
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| three genes are located next to each other, and all are conrolled by the same ________ site. |
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| animal that has foreign DNA in its cell |
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| transformation is prevented by.. ? |
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