Axons:

Think of a "message in the bottle," the axon is the bottle

can be extremley long

extend from the central nervous system to every part of the body

messages travel up these dendrites to the brain to report what the body is feeling and doing

efferent nerves

with an e not an a- get that straight

short axons or none at all, organize and regulate transmissons between nerve cells

they are found in the BRAIN

it is found in the middle of the brain in the small organs

regulates arousal and serves other functions.

• which lies underneath the thalmus nar the bottom center of the brain, just above the roof of the mouth; it is important because it makes a connection to almost everything in the human body.

• Its nerves extend throughout the brain, and it secrets several hormones that affect the entire body.

• next to the amygdala
• it is a tube like structure
• important in processing memory

• wrapped all around all the organs of the brain; is the outer layer called the ____
• 6 layers to it and they all differ in anatomy anf function

• the outermost layer
• the most distinctive part of the human brain
• more wrinkled in other animals than humans

• it is the large part of the brain
• in the front of the brain
• divided into two lobes: right and left side
• frontal lobes appear to be crucial for cognition; in the abiloty to plan ahead/to anticipate consquences/emotional experience (empathy and moral reasoning)

• appear to be crucial for cognition; in the ability to plan ahead/to anticipate consquences/emotional experience (empathy and moral reasoning)

1. brain damage
2. brain stimulation
3. brain imaging

transcranial direct current stimulation:

this one is different then the TMS, this is TDCS

1. migrane headaches
2. efects of strokes
3. hallucinations
4. depression

in which electrodes are placed on the scalp to pick up electric signals generated byt he brain activity underneath them.

it does show brain activity but not where the brain activity is located

delicate sensors to detect magnetic ( not electric) indications of brain activity.

it does show brain activity but not where the brain activity is located

1. allow many differen timages from multiple angles (x-rays--> put into thinnly sliced (tomographs) of the brain, allowing mintue structures to be examined)
2. computed tomography (CT) is now widley used in medicine and brain science.
3. construction of images of the brain require complex data analyses that compare images to eachother.

1. is now widley used in medicine and brain science.
2. construction of images of the brain require complex data analyses that compare images to eachother.

Positron emission tomography (pet)

think of blood and vampires getting all inside you from biting your neck with teeth and dropping kisses into your blood stream lol

• developed in late 1980's
• injects radio active tracers in blood stream that creates a map of brain activity by following the location of the radio active tracers.
• the harder the brain works the more blood is needed, so following the blood flow then they can find out where the brain is most active when doing certain tasks....

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri)

pump me with your breath and i'll show you what part of my body resonates with your wet substance.... :)

• from measurments from the FMRI
• not an absloute number
• caculated form the differenc ein brain activity and expermential conditions OR btwn the different individuals.

uses something called arterial spin labeling: appears to to yeild more precise measures of blood flow in the brain then do BOLD signals

uses the same experimental logic

• appears to to yeild more precise measures of blood flow in the brain then do BOLD signals
• uses the same experimental logic

• testing brain activity has a flaw of only testing small parts of the brain at one time
• this leaves a complication because it does not show other parts of the brain that may be active when you are testing the other part and maybe you see nothing in that test, but anothe rpart might be affected by your test and you cant see it.
• the function of activity in one part of the brain may depend on the what is happening elsewhere in the brain.

• it can open and close the channels of information and stimulation that flwo into the brain
• and some people vary in how their ARAS works;some let in a geart deal of information and stimulation nearly all the time, while others are more prone to reduce it.
• the difference is in btwn introverts and extraverts

introvert

because when your ARAS opens up more to a large amount of sensory imput, you end up getting the stimulation you need, maybe even more then you can stand.

extravert

because if your ARAS closes off much of the sensory stimulation your brain would otherwise recieve, you crave more.

• High sensation seekers, areas of the brain assocatied with arousal and reward responded strongly to these stimuli

• Low sensation seekers showed more responce in parts of their brain with emotional control.

yes. introverts react more strongly and more often more negitiveley to sensory stimulation than introverts.

this can be traced bakc to early studies that were done by IVAN PAVLOV (1927)

1. unique to only humans
2. hold the frontal lobes right and left
3. important for higher cognitive funtioning in speech, planning, and interpreting the world

1. more active when someone wants to appraoch something pleasant
2. ability to inhibt responces to unpleaseant stimuli
3. the action of getting angry because of the impulse to attck includes a motivation to appraoch,rather than avoid the target of ones anger
4. promote good feelings and dampen bad ones
5. emotional stability

1. wanting to withdraw from something unpleasant or frighting
2. more assocaited with the trait of neuroticism

1. social understanding
2. self-control
3. judgement

emotions enable people to make decisions that maxamize good outcomes and minimize bad ones, and to focus on what is really important.

feelings tie the body to the brain

the examples of Gage and elliot; they lost the important parts of life experiences and the crucial component to make decisions.

• the front ost and most unique human part of the frontal lobes
• important for emotional regulationand social interaction
• active during all high cognitive skills
• people prone to negitive emotions tend to have very high levels of activity in this area
• also these people with high activity describe themselves as behaviorally inhibited
• brain activity high in cooperative people when they interact with other people-->sensitive to reward; they find it rewarding to cooperate with others
• damage to this area will cause severe social problems

small areas of white matter behind each of the frontal lobes were delberatley damaged.

1st ever done on a human in 1937 by egas monez was the first instance of psychosurgery to delibertly alter ones personality emotions or behavior.

ability to complete a task in the face of obstacles and in the absence of immideiate reward- simlair to the trait of conscientiousness in the big 5 model 

this trait was found to have high activity in the complex circuit that included 2 areas of the frontal crotex and the ventral (lower) part of the striatum ( which is found in the middle of the brain behind frontal lobes.

1. ventromedial prefrontal cortex
2. amygdala
3. lateral temporal cortex

1. lateral side prefrontal cortex
2. hippocampus
3. medial temporal lobe
4. posterior partieal coretex

1. blood- sanguine (cheerful), ruddy, robust
2. black bile, depressed,meloncholy
3. yellow bile, choleric, angry, bitter at risk for  <3 attack from stress (hormones) tension and fights filled in their life
4. phelgm, cold apathetic

communication

one activity of one neuron effects the activity of the other other neurons; transmitting sensations that connect the body to the brain, effecting feelings, memories, and plans in the brain, sending behavioral connections ot the muscles and causing the body to move.

are biological substances that affect the body in locations different from where they were produced

after they are realeased they either through the adrenal glands or the the hypothalamus hormones spread through out the body in blood stream.

once it reaches the neron it either stimulates it of inhibits it's activity.

• helps ward off depression
• found in the gut-regulates digestion

ENDORPHINES

LEGAL OPIATE

produced by the body

1. neurotansmitter that turns motivation into action
2. key in allowing brain to control body movements
3. causes someone to seek reward and approach attractive objects and people.
4. produces norepinephrine
5. basis of sociability
6. basis of general activity level
7. gene assocatied with responce to dopamine is realted to the trait of novelty seeking

Going from normal enthusiasm and energy levels into hypermanic excitment, restlessness, and grandiosity and then crashed into a a deep depression.

these effects suggest that dopamingeric systems (affected by dopamine) also might be rlated to manic-depressive disorder and now is referred to as bipolar disorder.

dopamine might effect the traits of extreverts and impulsivity by interactions with the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS which is :

 note: Nuclues Accumbens and Dopamine form the "go system"

located in the basal ganglia, important junction btwn the cerebral cortex and the brain stem.

system produces and reinforces the motivation to sek rewards

this could be 

A) genetic basis

B) people who had a childhood that caused them to have more cells developed causing the dopaminergtic part of their nervous system to be well developed and active(causing them to be motivated to seek out rewards and capable of enjoying them; becoming more assertive, dominant, outgoing, extrevert

1. important neurotransmitter
2. role in inhibition of behavioral impulses'
3. keeping humans from to quick to anger/oversensitive/worrying to much

1. criminals
2. arsonists
3. commit sucide in violent ways
4. serotonin depletion syndrome: irrational anger,hypersensitvity, to rejection, chronic pessimism, obessive worry, and fear of taking risks

serotonins role in inhibiting feelings and impulses helps:

Slogan may be, "Steady as she goes."

1. ppl organize their behavior
2. get work done
3. get along with others even when they are annoying
4. avoid mood swings and emotional overreactions to life events
5. emotional stablity and low neuroticism

1. effect nerve cells far from their origin
2. norepinephrine (is a hormone)
3. main focus is to act throughout the body, stimulating the activity of neurons in many locations of the brain & body at the same time.

1. hypothalamus
2. gonads
3. adreneal cortex

1. epinephrine ( known as adrenaline) found throughout the body
2. norepinephrine (non-adraline)work primarily with the brain (espcially in the brain stem)
3. they can arise and both work suddenly in responce to stress.

the 2 hormones of epinephrine and noepinephrine are realsed into the bloodstream in responce to stress; the heart rate in creases, muscles tense up and digestion speeds up.

Brain becomes alert and concentrated at the matter at hand

it is in females where they promote nurturant and sociable behavior along with relaxation and reduction of fear- the exact oposite of flight or fight

effect- decrease anxiety and increase bond between mothers and children.--> why mothers do not abondon their infants in grave danger 

1. love hormone
2. mother child bonding
3. romantic attachment
4. sexual responce

1. glucoticoid hormone
2. released into blood stream
3. by the adrenal cortex
4. caused by physical and psychological stress

1. suffer from sever stress/anxiety/dpression
2. infants who develop social phobia
3. effect of stress
4. not the cause of depression/anxiety
5. increace <3 disease
6. makes brain smaller

1. PTSD correlation
2. sensation seeking
3. inpulsive - less likley to follow rules in society
4. danger isnt detected normally-->leads to high risk activites

Mating strategies:

EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE

1. obvisouly initial attraction but besides this....
2. men want more sexual partners
3. men are less faithful and picky about their mate
4. THE DARK TRAID: narcissism, psychopathy, machiavellianism
5. men seem to think women are sexually into them when they are not.

Women:

1.  more selective about partners to mate with

2. greater desire for monogamy and stable relationship

men= want reproductuive success; the greatest amount of children the better "spread their seed" evolutionary way of thinking.

men and woman both try to maintain a relationship once they have it; people "attach" to each other just as they do to their parents and children; 

FACT: men and women in relationships find the opposite sex less attractive......because from an evolutionary perspective responce to attactiveness to the other sex, would threaten what you already have.

sociosexuality

BASICALLY YOU JUST WANNA FUCK

*the wilingness to engage in a sexual relationship without the actual serious relationship aspect....

*men score higher in sociosexuality

*men score higher in "unrestricted"- more interesting attractiveness and social visability of potential partners

*those who scored "restricted"lower scores- look for personal qualities and their potential to be good parents

* men are more likley to engage in "conspicuous consumption"= buying shit that cost to much to attract women for a short-term encounter (to fuck)

* most members of both sexes think that their partener falling in love with someone else is worse then fucking someone random ( but the difference is more high in women then in men)

Speed dating study: men could guess who was interested in them sexually, because ther are better at guessing their "mate value"= they had a better veiw of how many women had chosen them to talk to again.

 women look for men who are hotter then their partner to have sex with because they want hotter offspring

women also look for more muscular men

women also look for more creative men

WHEN THEY ARE IN THE MIDDLE OF THEIR CYCLE

concerned more with the origins of the human nature then the indivudal differences.

for a speices to remain viable it must include diversity

1. behavioral patterns evolve as reactions to particular enviromental experiences. (child no father-boy-leads to various sexual partners)
2. people in general may have evolved several possible strategies but use the actual one that makes the most sense given their characteristics.
3. some biological influenced behaviors may be frequency dependent, meaning that they adjust according to how common they are in the population at large. Ex) PSYCHOPATHOLOGY= A BEHAVIORAL STYLE OF DECEPTION,DECIET AND EXPLIOTATION IS THAT ONLY BIOLOGICALLY PRESENT IN SOME PEOPLE NOT ALL PEOPLE DUUUUHHHHHH

1. methodology: "dilemma of the rarley exercised option"- just because a man is raping someone doesnt mean that he is doing it to reproduce his seed endlessly how ever he can, step parents dont just abuse their step children b/c of lack of shared genes. NOT EVERY BEHAVIOR or TRAIT has an Adaptive advantage.
2. reproductive instinct: it is a strange concept now in this day and age because their are so many peoplethat try to limit their own reproduction, and even choose to not have children. But whether you like it or not your reproduction thought is imbedded in your brain that is part of your sexual impulse whether you use birth control or not.
3. CONSERVATISM: it implies that certain behavior is biologically rooted and not only is is it inevitable but it is also unchangeable.THEY COMMIT THE "NATURALISTIC FALLACY," that because it is natural then you believe that is good. FUCK MORALS, HUMANS EXIST AND THAT IS ALL THAT MATTERS- evolutionary psychologist
4. Human flexibility: comple behavor being genetically programmed into your brain, but we think outside the box....but they think we are just what we are because we were born to be "a specific way as humans.
5. bilogical determinism or social structure: people have evovled to be flexiable; mate selection being innate biologically; 

Allport wrote that personality is "the dynamic organization within an individual of those __________ that determine his or her characteristic behavior or thought"

Personality is a _________