Details Title: Chapter 8 Description: Terms and definitions Total Flash Cards: 47 Created: 03/04/2009 18:34:04		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Management Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term Learning Definition Reflects relatively permanent changes in an employee's knowledge or skill that result from experience. Term Decision making Definition Refers to the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem. Term Expertise Definition Knowledge and skills that distinguish experts from novices and less experience people. Term Explicit knowledge Definition kind of information you are likely to think about when you picture someone sitting down at a desk to learn. Term Tacit knowledge Definition What employees can typically learn only through experience. Term 90% Definition % of knowledge contained in organizations that occurs in tacit form. Term Contingencies of reinforcement Definition Four specific consequences typically used by organizations to modify employee behavior. Term Positive reinforcement Definition Positive outcome follows a desired behavior. Term Negative reinforcement Definition Occurs when an unwanted outcome is removed following a desired behavior. Term Punishment Definition Occurs when an unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior. Term Extinction Definition Occurs when there is the removal of a consequence following an unwanted behavior. Term Schedules of reinforcement Definition Timing of when the contingencies are applied. Term Continuous Reinforcement Definition Simplest sched. of reinf. and happens when a specific conseq. follows each and every occurrence of a desired behaviour. Term Fixed interval schedule Definition The single most common form of reinforcement sched. Workers are rewarded after a certain amount of time, and the lengths of time b/w reinf. periods stays the same. Term Variable Interval sched. Definition Designed to reinf. behaviour at more random points in time. Term Fixed ratio schedules Definition Reinforce behaviours after a certain number of them have been exhibited. Term Variable ratio sched. Definition Reward people after a varying number of exhibited behaviors. Term Social learning theory Definition Argues that people in organizations have the ability to learn through the observation of others. Term Behavioral Modeling Definition When employees observe the actions of others, learn from what they observe, and then repeat the observed behavior. Term Learning orientation Definition Where building competence is deemed more important than demonstrating competence. Term Performance-prove Orientation Definition Focus on demonstrating their competence so that others can think favourably of them. Term Performance-avoid Orientation Definition Focus on demonstrating their competence so that others will not think poorly of them. Term Programmed decisions Definition Decisions that become somewhat automatic because a person's knowledge allows him to recognize and identify a situation and the course of action that needs to be taken. Term Intuition Definition Emotionally charged judgments that arise through quick, nonconscious, and holistic associations. Term Nonprogrammed decision Definition When a situation arises that is new, complex and not recognized it call for a... Term Rational decision-making model Definition Offers a step-by-step approach to making decisions that maximize outcomes by examining all available outcomes. Term Bounded rationality Definition Notion that decision makers simply do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives to make an optimal decision. Term Satisficing Definition Results when decision makers select the first acceptable alternative considered. Term Selective perception Definition Tendency for people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations. Term Projection bias Definition The belief that others think, feel, and act the same way they do. Term Social identity theory Definition Holds that people identify themselves by the groups to which they belong and perceive and judge others by their group memberships. Term Stereotype Definition When assumptions are made about others on the basis of their membership in a social group. Term Heuristics Definition Simple, efficient, rules of thumb that allow us to make decisions more easily. Term Availability bias Definition Tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easier to recall. Term Fundamental attribution error Definition Argues that people have a tendency to judge others' behaviors as due to internal factors. Term Self-serving bias Definition Occurs when we attribute our own failures to external factors and our own successes to internal factors. Term Concensus Definition Did others act the same way under similar situations? Term Distinctiveness Definition Does this person tend to act differently in other circumstances? Term Consistency Definition Does this person always do this when performing this task? Term Escalation of commitment Definition Refers to the decision to continue to follow a failing course of action. Term Moderate Definition Correlation between learning and job performance (task performance) Term Weak Definition Correlation between learning and organizational commitment (affective commitment) Term Training Definition Systematic effort by organizations to facilitate the learning of job-related knowledge and behavior. Term Knowledge transfer Definition Occurs between older more experienced workers and younger employees. Term Communities of practice Definition Groups of employees who work together and learn from one another by collaborating over an extended period of time. Term Transfer of training Definition occurs when the knowledge, skills, and behaviours used on the job are maintained by the learner once training ends and generalized to the workplace once the learner returns to the job. Term climate for transfer Definition An environment that can support the use of new skills.