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| Fourth Stage of Mitosis, beginng when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes arrives at each of the two poles of the cell |
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| The requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to a solid surface. |
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| The creation of [genetically identical] offspring by a single parent, without the participation of a sperm and egg. |
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| A chromosome not directly involved in determining the sex of an organism; in mammals, for example, any chromosome other than X or Y. |
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| An abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body. |
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| A means of asexual reproduction in which a parent organism, often a single cell, divides into two individuals of about equal size. |
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| Cancer that originates in the coverings of the body, such as skin or the lining of the intestinal tract. |
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| An ordered sequence of events (including interphase and mitotic phase) that extends from the time a eukaryotic cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells. |
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| Cell Cycle Control System |
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| A cyclically operating set of proteins that triggers and coordinates events in the eukaryotic cell cycle. |
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| The reproduction of a cell |
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| A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis |
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| The region of a duplicated chromosome where two sister chromatids are joined and where spindle microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis. The centromere divides at the onset of anaphase during mitosis and anaphase II during meiosis |
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| Material in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that gives rise to microtubules; important in mitosis and meiosis; also called microtubule-organizing center |
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| The microscopically visible site where crossing over has occurred between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis |
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| The complex DNA and proteins that constitutes eukaryotic chromosomes' often used to refer to the diffuse, very extended form taken by chromosomes when a cell is not dividing |
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| A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and most visible during mitosis and meiosis; also, the main gene-carrying structure of a prokaryotic cell. Chromosomes consist of chromatin, a combination of DNA and protein. |
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| The first sign of cytokinesis during cell division in an animal cell' a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. |
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| The exchane of segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during synapsis in prophase I of meiosis; also, the exchange of segments between DNA molecules in prokaryotes. |
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| The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. Cytokineses usually occurs during telophase of mitosis. Mitosis and cytokineses make up the Mitotic phase of the cell cycle. |
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| The loss of one or more nucleotides from a gene by mutation; the loss of a fragment of a chromosome. |
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| Density-Dependent Inhibition |
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| The arrest of cell division that occurs when cells grown in a laboratory dish touch one another. |
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| In an organism that reproduces secually, a cell containing two homologous set of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent; a 2n Cell |
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| A human genetic disorder resulting from the presence of an extra chromosome 21; characterized by heart and respiratory defects and varying degrees of mental retardation. |
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| Repetition of part of a chromosome resulting from fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome; can result from an error in meiosis or from mutagenesis. |
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| The union of a nucleus of a sperm cell with the nucleus of an egg cell, producing a zygote. |
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| A sex cell; a haploid or sperm. The union of two gametes of opposite sex (fertilization) produces a zygote. |
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| The production, by crossing over and/or independant assortment of chromosomes during meiosis, of offspring with allele combinations ifferent from those in the parents. The term may also be used more specifically to mean the production by crossing over of eukaryotic or prokaryotic chromosomes with gene combinations different from those in the original chromosomes. |
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