Term
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Definition
| Looking inwards at one's mental contents and processes |
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Term
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Definition
| Emotions are the form in which one experiences automatic, subconscious value judgments (VALUE APPRAISALS) |
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Term
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Definition
Every emotion involves a specific type of value appraisal
-Fear is form in which one experiences perceived threat to one's life or well-being
-Anxiety is similar to fear but nature of the threat is more uncertain and may involve one's self-esteem
-Sadness is form in which one experiences loss of a value
- Anger is form of perceived injustice or goal frustration
- Guilt is form in which one experiences the perception of violating one's moral values.
-Satisfaction is form in having gained or possessed a value
-Love is the response to something appraised as a positive value
-Pride is form in which one experiences an achievement, including the achievement of one's moral character, due to one's own efforts
-Happiness is state of non-contradictory joy
-Admiration is form in which one appraises the positive achievement(s) of another person. |
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Term
| Universal pattern of Emotion |
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Definition
| Object --> Cognition --> Value Appraisal --> Emotion |
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Term
| Cognition Stage of Emotion |
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Definition
| One's perception of the object and the present context plus all the stored knowledge which the subconscious automatically associates with the object. |
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Term
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Definition
Object can be a thing, a person, an action, an event, an idea, a memory, or a previous emotion.
*People may not be aware or only peripherally aware of what the precipitating object is* |
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Term
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Definition
Subconsciously "measuring" the object with respect to whether some value is perceived as being threatened or fulfilled in some form and to some degree.
--All emotions have either positive or negative valence but to varying degrees, i.e. loving is stronger than liking |
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Term
| Crucial Point of Emotional pattern |
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Definition
| The crucial point here is that the two middle stages, cognition and value appraisal, are automatic (lightning fast and not chosen) rather than volitional, and subconscious rather than conscious. So what one consciously experiences is: object --> emotion. |
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A mood is enduring because the object is omnipresent or because the subconscious causes endure based on memory or rumination.
-Sometimes the cause of a mood is not known but that does not mean it cannot be identified. |
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Term
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Definition
The output (emotion) is the result of three inputs:
1. The object (event)
2. The cognitive associations to the object and context
3. The value appraisals
-One input is usually conscious and two are unconscious |
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Term
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Definition
It is possible to experience more than one emotion toward an object, especially a person, at the same time.
One can also hold emotions at different levels. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-For positive impulses include wanting to keep, hold or protect the valued object.
- For negative impulses include wanting to avoid or harm (physically or verbally) the disvalued object
*Although emotions automatically contain action impulses, everyone has volitional choice as to what action to take in response to emotions. |
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Term
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Definition
Emotions and reason are inherently at odds
-Reason from cognitive therapy is that you can change emotions by changing the thoughts underlying them |
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Term
| Error in concept of mind-body dichotomy |
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Definition
Error is, fundamentally, the inability or failure to introspect
*What people experience as clashes between reason and emotion are actually clashes between consciously held and subconsciously held ideas.* |
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Term
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Definition
The locus of volition... one must choose whether to think or not to think.
-The active, self-caused part of one's psychology.
-Thru reason, we have the power to understand our emotions, to choose what action we will take in response to them and to reprogram if needed. |
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Definition
Emotions are automatic, so one cannot change them directly - they must be change indirectly by modifying their causes.
*Not psychological primaries!* |
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Definition
*The role of emotions is to make your values psychologically real.
-Emotions are not tools of actual knowledge (knowing requires reason); they are tools or motivation. They allow you to experience WANTING, thus be motivated to act.
-Reason and emotion must be in harmony |
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Term
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Definition
1. Emotions are not unanalyzable primaries but the consequences of ideas stored in the subconscious.
2. Emotions are automatic but can be changed indirectly by changing the inputs (their causes).
3. There is no innate or inherent conflict btween reason and emotion; such clashes are actually clashes between consciously held and subconsciously held ideas.
4. Emotions do not compel action; everyone has the power to make choices in the face of emotional responses (including the choice of taking no action.
5. Both emotions and reason are critical to a successful and happy life. But it is critical to understand the proper function of each and to keep them in harmony. |
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Term
| Psychological Mediators (Causal Mechanisms) |
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Definition
-The object that triggers the emotion
-The subconcscious cognitive associations to the object
-The subconscious value appraisals which will follow. |
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Term
| Moderating factors in understanding emotion and in harmonizing reason |
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Definition
| Skill at introspection and the willingness to do it. |
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Term
| Why don't people introspect? |
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Definition
1. It is not "natural" - extrospection is natural, you start life by looking outwards. Failing to extrospect leads to immediate feedback.
2. Most people don't know how to introspect.
3. Most people do not see its value.
4. Introspection is hard work - Many people do not want to expend the effort of actually thinking (reasoning) about either their own consciousness or the outside world.
5. Many people fear introspection. Fear what they may find or what they might have to face. Might threaten self-image or self-efficacy. |
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Term
Achieving Emotional Control
#1 |
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Definition
Identifying - that is - NAMING your emotions...
-those which are most intense and/or enduring.
-Enhances feeling of control because makes emotions less mysterious. |
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Achieving Emotional Control
#2 |
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Definition
Identifying their causes. This includes positive emotions. If you know what brings you pleasure or happiness, you can take steps to expose yourself to the same object.
-Usually when people talk of emotional control they refer to negative emotions. Emotional responses (losing temper) can become habitual thru repeated experiences. |
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Term
Achieving Emotional Control
#3 |
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Definition
| Changing the causes when necessary. If the emotion is negative, you have three possible ways to intervene (object, cognition, values). You can change or avoid the objects, correct mistaken beliefs and modify inappropriate values. |
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Term
Achieving Emotional Control
#4 |
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Definition
| Consciously and rationally choosing what action(s), if any, to take based on or regardless of your emotions. |
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Term
Achieving Emotional Control
#5 |
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Definition
Suppressing emotions, or actions based on them, WHEN NECESSARY.
-Repression is subconscious and based on an implicit standing order to the subconscious. Suppression is conscious. It involves deliberately inhibiting an emotion (or an action based on it) because experiencing it or acting on it is not appropriate in a given context.
-Can be helpful to write down one's observations. |
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Term
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Definition
Intelligence is the capacity to grasp abstractions, but you do not need a high IQ to introspect about your emotions.
-An ability, which is basically the same as skill, which means there is no need for the term intelligence here |
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Term
| Emotional Experience vs. Emotional Expression |
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Definition
Emotional expression AKA emotional "display" -- sometime best to suppress the overt expression of an emotion so as not to unduly upset others in the workplace.
- Explain REASONS for emotion and suggest specific actions to be taken next. |
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Term
| Effect of manager on mood of office |
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Definition
Because manager is in position of power, the can influence mood of the whole office, especially people they come in direct contact with.
- Angry, condemning mood will incite anxiety and fear in others because manager will be seen as a threat.
- Benevolent mood will create happier atmosphere. |
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Term
| Should you fake emotions?? |
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Definition
| NO! Employees can readily spot emotions that are not authentic. |
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Term
| How can you set the mood in the office? |
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Definition
Organizations should not choose people as managers who are not nice people. Some people are temperamentally (and ethically) unsuited to manage other people. if you have personality problems:
1. Identify why your mood is predominantly negative - fixing this might require professional help.
2. Learn interpersonal skills - i.e. approximate ways of behaving with others regardless of your emotional impulses.
3. Make sure you are a person of outstanding moral character since character is within the realm of one's choice. |
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Term
| Customer Service Personnel |
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Definition
1. Selection: choose people who like this type of work.
2. Disarm the anger -- acknowledge the customer's anger and even empathize with it. Because the customer feels understood emotionally, the result is that he/she virtually always calms down and becomes less moody, |
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Term
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Definition
Means that you no longer enjoy your job and lack enthusiasm for it. Many reasons discovered by introspection---
*You never really wanted to be in this type of job in the first place
*The job does not allow you to grow in your knowledge and expertise
*The job entails never-ending and unresolvable conflicts with others
*The people you work with are mean, incompetent, and/or dishonest
* the job was not what you expected and desired
*Stress on the job is unrelenting and you see no way to increase your self-efficacy enough to moderate it. |
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Term
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Definition
| A job or career change, ideally after you have had time off to reflect on what you want. |
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Term
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Definition
Involves trying to protect oneself against perceived attack or criticism.
-Specifically, what one is trying to protect is one's self-esteem.
**Danger of defensives is that it detaches the mind from reality and thereby makes the problem impossible to fix.** |
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Term
| Key Principle to Prevent Defensiveness |
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Definition
Treat reality (facts) as absolute.
-If you want to change what is, you first have to acknowledge the facts in front of you, including your own mistakes. Then you are in a position to fix them. |
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Term
| Which is more important?? Emotional or Rational? |
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Definition
--Most important trait of a great leader is RATIONALITY--
Every decision a leader makes has to be based on looking at the facts, rationally integrating them and drawing conclusions.
*Cognition must come before motivation*
*Emotion is no substitute for rationality... |
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Term
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Definition
People spend a substantial part of their lives at work. Thus it is important that they pick a job or career that they personally like, preferably love.
-To do this they have to identify what they really like based on trying different things and then introspecting - and then acting. Pleasurable jobs entail mental challenge doing something one loves, and steady progress in building one's knowledge and expertise. |
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Term
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Definition
Money vs. the job itself... work that you like most may not pay the best
Career vs. family ...
Identify true value hierarchy - existing value hierarchies don't have to be permanent... they can be chosen and changed by process of thought. |
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