Term
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Definition
| the use of microorganisms to make practical products |
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Term
| recombinant DNA technology |
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Definition
| intentionally modifying the genomes of organisms by natural and artifical processes for a variety of practical purposes |
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Term
| what are the three main goals of scientists who manipulate genomes |
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Definition
| to eliminate undesirable phenotypic traits in humans, animals, plants, etc. to combine beneficial traits of two or more organisms to create valuable new organisms, to create organisms that synthesize products that humans need |
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Term
| what are five tools of recombinant DNA technology |
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Definition
| mutagens, reverse transcriptase, synthetic nucleic acids, restriction enzymes and vectors |
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Term
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Definition
| they select for and culture cells with characteristics considered beneficial for a given biotechnilogical application |
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Term
| why is reverses transcriptase considered an unusual enzyme |
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Definition
| because it creates a genetic flow of information in the opposite direction from the flow in conventional transcription (uses RNA as a template to create DNA) |
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Term
| what is the DNA molecule called that is a result of reverse transcriptase using RNA as a template |
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Definition
| cDNA (complementary DNA) because it is complementary to the RNA template |
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Term
| because hundreds to millions of RNA exist for every gene it is easier to produce a desired gene by |
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Definition
| first isolating the mRNA gene that codes for a particular polypeptide and then use reverse transcription to synthesize a cDNA |
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Term
| what problem does using cDNA eliminate (in reference to transfering genes from prokaryote to eukaryote cells) |
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Definition
| cDNA is made from mRNA which don't contain introns (which prokaryotes are unable to cut out) |
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Term
| what does making synthetic nucleic acids in vitro mean |
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Definition
| scientist can make DNA and RNA molecules in cell-free solutions for genetic research |
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Term
| in what four ways have scientists used the synthetic nucleic acids |
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Definition
| to elucidate the genetic code, to create genes for specific proteins, to synthesize DNA or RNA to locate specific sequences of nucleic acids, and to synthesize antisence nucleic acid molecules |
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Term
| what are antisense nucleic acid molecules |
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Definition
| nucleic acid sequences that bind to and interfere with genes and mRNA molecules |
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Term
| restriction enzymes only cut DNA at locations that have |
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Definition
| very specific and usually palandromic nucleotide sequences called restriction sites |
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Term
| what are the two groups of restriction enzymes based on the types of cuts they make |
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Definition
| ones that make sticky ends and ones that make blunt ends |
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Term
| what are the fragments with sticky ends used for |
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Definition
| to combine pieces of DNA from different organisms into a single recombinant DNA (using ligase to stick together) |
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Term
| what is the one advantage of the blunt edge |
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Definition
| they are nonspecific, so any blunt end can be combined, even if they weren't cut by the same restriction enzyme |
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Term
| what are used to deliver genes into a cell |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| nucleic acid molecules such as viral genomes, transposons and plasmids |
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Term
| what four properties make vectors so useful |
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Definition
| they are small enough to manipulate, they survive inside cells, they contain recognizable genetic markers, and they ensure genetic expression by carrying things like promoters |
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Term
| what is an example of how a vector utilizes a genetic marker |
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Definition
| a plasmid used a vector might have a resistance to certain antibiotics. After the vector has been put into the cell, if that new cell growns on the antibiotic, then the vector has been introduced to the host cells genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of bacterial or phage clones each of which contains a portion of genetic material of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of bacterial or phage clones each of which contains a portion of genetic material of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| polymerase chain reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| to produce large amounts of identical molecules of DNA invitro |
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Term
| what are the three steps of PCR |
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Definition
| denaturation, priming, extension |
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Term
| why is the denaturation stage important, what is used |
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Definition
| denaturation breaks the two strands of DNA apart and is achieved through the use of heat |
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Term
| what is added at the priming stage |
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Definition
| primers, DNA polymerase, triphosphate bases (A,T,G,C) |
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Term
| why is the temperature cooled to 65 degrees at the priming stage |
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Definition
| that enables the strands to rebind, but the stands are more likely to bind with the added primers than each other, which give a place for the DNA polmerase to start working |
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Term
| why is the heat raised again at the extension phase |
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Definition
| because raising the heat increases the rate at which DNA polymerase replicates each strand of DNA |
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Term
| why is the DNA polymerase used in the PCR from the organism Thermus aquaticus |
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Definition
| because then it won't denature at the high temperature, and the DNA won't have to be replenished after each rotation |
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Term
| how do researchers select and isolate the particular gene they are looking for |
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Definition
| the use probes, which only bind to complementary bases and have radioactive or fluorescent markers |
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Term
| gel electrophoresis is used to |
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Definition
| isolate fragments of DNA molecules that can be inserted into vectors |
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Term
| electrophoresis isolates DNA fragments based on their |
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Definition
| size, shape and electrical charge |
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Term
| how does electrophoresis work |
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Definition
| the negatively charged DNA molecule is pulled through the gel by a positively charge electrode |
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Term
| what is the southern blot used for |
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Definition
| to located DNA fragments of interest |
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Term
| southern blot is used to transfer DNA from the gel to |
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Definition
| a nitrocellulose membrane, which is less sensitive |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of molecules of single stranded DNA (DNA or cDNA) immobilized on glass slides, silicon chips, or nylon membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of molecules of single stranded DNA (DNA or cDNA) immobilized on glass slides, silicon chips, or nylon membranes |
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Term
| what are three uses of DNA microarrays |
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Definition
| monitering gene expression, diagnosis of infection, and identification of organisms in an encironmental sample |
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Term
| what are three uses of DNA microarrays |
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Definition
| monitering gene expression, diagnosis of infection, and identification of organisms in an encironmental sample |
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Term
| what are three methods for artificially insering DNA into organisms |
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Definition
| electroporation, protoplast fusion, and injection |
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Term
| describe electrophoration |
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Definition
| involves using an electrical current to puncture microscopic holes in the cell membrane so DNA can enter from the environment |
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Term
| what must be done to thick walled cells before they can undergo electroporation |
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Definition
| must be converted to protoplasts, which are cells whose cell walls have been enzymatically removed |
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Term
| how is protoplast fusion achieved |
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Definition
| the addition of polyethylene glycol increases the rate of fusion |
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Term
| what are the two different types of injection |
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Definition
| gene gun and microinjection |
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Term
| what does the gene gun shot into the target cell |
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Definition
| metal beads coated with DNA |
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Term
| how is DNA inserted into the cell via microinjection |
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Definition
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Term
| how are genes located on the genome |
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Definition
| radioactively marked nucleotides each with a different color bind and the PCR interperets the results |
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Term
| what are two main things scientists want to learn using genome sequences |
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Definition
| gene sequences of pathogens and protein function |
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Term
| vaccines contain antigens which are |
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Definition
| foreign substances such as weakened bacteria, viruses and toxins that stimulate the body's immune system |
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Term
| what is a subunit vaccine |
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Definition
| researchers insert the genes that code for the pathogen's antigenic polypeptides into a vector and then inject the vectors proteins into the patient |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| identifies individuals or organisms by their unique DNA sequences |
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Term
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Definition
| in which missingor defective genes are replaced with normal copies |
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Term
| how is the nucleotide sequence used for medical diagnosis |
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Definition
| examine specimens from patients for presence of gene sequences unique to certain pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| animal cells, tissues or organs introduced into the human body |
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Term
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Definition
| recombinant plants and animals that have been altered for specific purposes by the addition of genes from other organisms |
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Term
| name some agricultural applications of recombinant DNA |
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Definition
| herbicide resistance, salt tolerance, freeze resistance, pest resistance, improvements in nutritional value and yield |
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