Term
|
Definition
| the study of what genes are, how they carry information, how their information is expressed nd how they are replicated and passd to subsequent generations or other organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a segment of DNA that codes for a functional product, usually a protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all the genetic information in a cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic composition of an organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the expression of the genes; also known as the physical characteristics; the proteins of the cell and the properties they confer on the organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structure containing DNA that carries hereditary information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| linear (to daughter) or horizontal (to recombinant cell) transfer of information |
|
|
Term
| semiconservative replication |
|
Definition
| each parental strand forms with a new strand leaving daughters with parental-new as opposed to one with parental-parental and the other with new-new |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesized discontinuously |
|
|
Term
| bidirectional nature of replication |
|
Definition
| replicates on both strands going each way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from nothing; which DNA synthesis cannot do |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes covalent bonds to join DNA strands; joins okazaki fragments and new segments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesized DNA; proofreads and repairs DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cut DNA backbone in a strand of DNA; facilitate repair and insertions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cut DNA from an exposed end of DNA; facilitate repair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unwinds double-stranded DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adds methyl group to selected bases in newly made DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses visible light energy to separate UV-induced pyrimidine dimers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes RNA primers from a DNA template |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RNA enzyme that removes introns and splices exons together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| copies RNA from a DNA template |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RNA protein complex that removes introns and splices exons together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork; separates DNA circles at the end of DNA replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cuts DNA backbone leaving single-stranded 'sticky ends' |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where RNA polymerase binds to to start transcription |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the RNA stops making a protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three base segments of mRNA that specify amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| do not code for amino acids and are stop signals for translation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls the synthesis of one or several repressible enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the presence of certain chemicals (inducers) cells synthesize more enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unit of regulation that contains a promoter, regulator and structural genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the P gene where RNA polymerase binds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the O gene where regulatory components react |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when there are two operons being used in a sequence, there is a lag period because it takes time to turn on the second operon; at the promoter site there is a place for CAP whih acts as an activator but need cAMP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in the nitrogenous base sequence of DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when one base pair in DNA is replaced with a different base pair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cause amino acid substitutions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of a few base pairs are deleted or added to DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agents in the environment that cause permanent changes in DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occur without the presence of any mutagen |
|
|
Term
| examples of cemical mutagens |
|
Definition
| nucleoside analogs and nitrous acid |
|
|
Term
| nitrous acid as a mutagen |
|
Definition
| alters adenine so it no longer pairs with thyamine but instead cytosine |
|
|
Term
| nucleoside analogues as mutagens |
|
Definition
| pose as nitrogen bases and are incorporated into DNA as adenine and pairs with thyamine; or can look like thyamine and bind with cytosine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes formation of ions that can react with nucleotids and DNA backbone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes bonding between adjacent thymines called thymine dimers |
|
|
Term
| positive (direct) selection |
|
Definition
| detects mutant cells because grow or appear different |
|
|
Term
| negative (indirect) selection |
|
Definition
| detects mutant cells because they don't grow at all |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| method for isolating mutant cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| authentic nonaltered type |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passed from an organism to its offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves a portion of the cells DNA being transferred to a donor recipient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genes are transferred from one bacterium to another as naked DNA; discovered by Frederick Griffith with mice killing experiment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one type of cell (F+) gives its plasmid to F- cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high frequency plasmid; when the conjugated plasmid becomes incorporated into the chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA is passed from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage; the cells DNA is put into the the virus's capsule and transferred to another cell when the viruses lyse; the bacteral DNA is then incorporated into the recipient DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries gene for sex pili and transfer of the plasmid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encode enzymes for catabolism of unusual compounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encode for antibiotic resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small segments of DNA that can move from one region to another region of the same chromosome or to a different chromosome or plasmid; they are considered mutagens; they have inverted repeat sequences on either end |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insertion sequences- can insert themselves between two pieces of DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can carry any type of chene and are a natural mechanism for moving genes |
|
|
