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| refers to the middle of the twelth century during which st bernard of clairvaux exhibited enormous influence through his counseling of rulers, bishops, and popes |
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| french dynasty of rulers descended from Charlemagne |
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| so called "white monks", after the color of their habits this order was founded by the Cluniac monk St Robert of Molesme in 1098 |
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| city in east-central france which gave birth to monastic reform in 910 |
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| decree given by pope st gregory VII asserting that the pope posses specific powers fiven by god that rested on him alone |
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| system that came to organize the politics, economy, and social life of Medieval Europe after the split of the Carolingian empire |
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| the appointment of bishops and abbots by secular rulers, often in exchange for temporal protection |
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| from the italian nepote; the appointment of family members to important postions of authority |
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| majority of the people within feudalism; barely enjoy freedom since they are completely tied to land and lord that they served |
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| selling of ecclesiatical offices, pardons, or emoluments by either secular or spiritual leaders |
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| signed in 843, the treaty divedded the carolingian empire into three sections |
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| in feudalism, thsoe who under the rule of the lord who paid him in labor or services |
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| title used by pope innocent III rather than the earlier title of Vicar of st peter |
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