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Chapter 8 Human Development
Human Development
44
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
02/16/2010

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Term
Zygote
Definition
Fertilized Egg
Term
Developmental psychology
Definition
Study of how behavior changes over time
Term
Post Hoc fallacy
Definition
False assumption that because one event occurred before another event, it must have caused that event
Term
Cross-sectional design
Definition
Research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time
Term
Cohort effects
Definition
Effects observed in a sample of participants that result from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time
Term
Longitudinal design
Definition
Research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time
Term
Gene-environment interaction
Definition
Situation in which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed
Term
Prenatal
Definition
Prior to birth
Term
Blastocyst
Definition
Ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that haven't yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part
Term
Embryo
Definition
Second to eighth week of prenatal development during which limbs facial features and major organs of the body take form
Term
Fetus
Definition
Period of prenatal development from the ninth week until birth after all major organs are established and physical maturation is the primary change
Term
Teratogens
Definition
Environmental facts that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development
Term
Motor Behavior
Definition
Bodily motion that occurs as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles
Term
Cognitive development
Definition
Study of how children learn, think, reason, communicate and remember
Term
Assimilation
Definition
Piagetian process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures
Term
Accommodation
Definition
Piagetian process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience
Term
Sensorimotor stage
Definition
Stage in Piagets theory characterized by a focus on the here and now without the ability to represent experiences mentally
Term
Object permanence
Definition
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view
Term
Preoperational stage
Definition
Stage in Piaget's theory charaterized by the ability to construct mental representations of experience, but not yet perform operations on them
Term
Egocentrism
Definition
Inability to see the world from others' perspectives
Term
Conservation
Definition
Piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation in the physical presentation of an amount, the amount remains the same
Term
Concrete operations stage
Definition
Stage in Piaget's theory characterized by the ability to perform mental operations on physical events only
Term
Formal Operations Stage
Definition
Stage in Piaget's theory characterized by the ability to perform hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now
Term
Scaffolding
Definition
Vygotskian learning process in which parents provide initial assistance in children's learning but gradually remove structure as children become more competent
Term
Zone of proximal development
Definition
Phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction
Term
Theory of mind
Definition
Ability to reason about what other people know or believe
Term
Stranger anxiety
Definition
A fear of strangers developing at 8 or 9 months of age
Term
Attachment
Definition
The strong emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest
Term
imprinting
Definition
Phenomenon observed in which baby birds begin to follow around and attach themselves to any large moving object they see in the hours immediately after hatching
Term
Contact comfort
Definition
Positive emotions resulting from touch
Term
Temperament
Definition
Basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin
Term
Average expectable environment
Definition
Environment that provides children with basic needs for affection and discipline
Term
Gender Identity
Definition
Individuals' sense of being male or female
Term
Gender Role
Definition
Behaviors that tend to be associated with being male or female
Term
Adolescence
Definition
The transition between childhood and adulthood commonly associated with the teenage years
Term
Primary sex characteristics
Definition
The reproductive organs and genitals that distinguish the sexes
Term
Secondary sex characteristics
Definition
Sex-differentiating charateristics that don't relate directly to reproduction, such as breast enlargement in women and deepening voices in men
Term
Menarche
Definition
Start of menstruation
Term
Spermarche
Definition
Boys' first ejaculation
Term
Identity
Definition
Our sense of who we are and our life goals and priorities
Term
Psychosocial crisis
Definition
Dilemma concerning an individual's relations to other people
Term
Midlife crisis
Definition
Supposed phase of adulthood characterized by emotional distress about the aging process and an attempt to regain youth
Term
Empty-nest syndrome
Definition
Alleged period of depression in mothers following the departure of their grown children from the home
Term
Menopause
Definition
The termination of menstruation, marking the end of a woman's reproductive potential
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