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Chapter 7
Cellular Respiration, fermentation, and Secondary Metabolism
26
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/03/2011

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Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition
metabolic reactions that a cell uses to get energy from food molecules and release waste products.
Term
Aerobic Respiration
Definition
When Oxygen (O2) is used in cellular respiration
Term
Glucose as an Energy Source (Equation)
Definition
Glucose+oxygen-->water+Energy intermediates+heat
Term
When glucose is broken down via oxidation you get what?
Definition
Carbon Dioxide and water. Energy from this is used to make 3 types of energy intermediates. ATP, NADH, and FADH2
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
Glucose(compound w/ 6 carbon atoms) broken down to two pyruvate molecules producing net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules
Term
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
Definition
When enzyme directly transfers a phosphate from an organic molecule to ADP.
Term
Breakdown of pyruvate to acetyl group
Definition
each broken down to a acetyl group and one CO2 molecule. for each one NADH is made by reduction
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
breakdown of simple sugar glucose. can occur w/ or w/o oxygen
Term
citric acid cycle (krebs cycle)
Definition
breakdown of carbohydrates to carbon dioxide.
Term
Hydrogen Ion gradient (Proton-motive Gradient)
Definition
hydrogen ion concentration is higher outside the matrix than inside and excess exists outside the matrix.
Term
ATP Synthase
Definition
gains free energy from ion flow to produce ATP.
Term
Anaerobic
Definition
Lacking oxygen
Term
Fermentation
Definition
Breakdown of organic molecules to harness energy without any net oxidation ( w/o removal of electrons)
Term
Secondary Metabolism
Definition
involves the synthesis of molecules.
Term
Secondary Metabolism
Definition
involves the synthesis of molecules.
Term
Secondary Metabolites
Definition
Is not essential for cell structure, unique to one species or group, is not needed for survival usually.
Term
Phenolic compound
Definition
contain a cyclic ring of carbon w/ 3 double bonds(known as a benzene ring) When coventantly bonded to hydroxyl group known as a phenol
Term
Catagories of phenolics
Definition
Flavonoids, tannins, and lignins.
Term
Characteristics of phenolics
Definition
deterants. create a variety of flavors and smells.
Term
Alkaloids
Definition
Group of structurally related molecules that all contain nitrogen and usually have cyclic ring-like structure
Term
Examples of Alkaloids
Definition
Caffeine, nicotine, atrophine, morphine, and quinine.
Term
Characteristics of alkaloids
Definition
bitter-tasting. unpleasent odor, over stimulated, under stimulated, nasuated.
Term
Terpenoids
Definition
five-carbon isoprene units, also called isoprenoids
Term
Characteristic of terpenoids
Definition
Volitile(become gases)
Term
Polykeptides
Definition
synthesized by polymerization of acetyl and propionyl
Term
Examples of Polyketides
Definition
Streptomycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline
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