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| mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information and communicating information to others |
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| mental representations that stand for objects or events and have a picture-like quality |
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| ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities |
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| the most general form of a type of concept, such as "animal" of "fruit" |
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| an example of a type of concept around which other similar concepts are organized, such as "dog," "cat," or "pear." |
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| the most specific category of a concept, such as one's pet dog or a pear in one's hand |
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| concepts that are defined by specific rules or features |
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| concepts people form as a result of their experiences in the real world |
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| an example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept |
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| process of cognition that occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways |
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| problem-solving method in which one possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found |
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| very specific, step by step procedures for solving certain types of problems |
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| an educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem. Also known as a "rule of thumb" |
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| heuristic in which the difference between the starting situation and the goal is determined and then steps are taken to reduce that difference |
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| artificial intelligence (AI) |
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| the creation of a machine that can think like a human |
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| a block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of only their typical functions |
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| the tendency for people to persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past |
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| the tendency to search for evidence that fits one's beliefs while ignoring any evidence that doesn't fit those beliefs |
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| the process of solving problems by combing ideas or behavior in new ways |
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| type of thinking in which a problem is seen as having only one answer, and al lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer, using previous knowledge and logic |
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| type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point |
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| the ability to learn from one's experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems |
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| the ability to excel in certain areas, or specific intelligence |
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| the ability to reason and solve problems, or general intelligence |
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| triarchic theory of intelligence |
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| Sternerg's theory that there are three kinds of intelligence: analytical, creative and practical |
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| the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving |
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| the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems |
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| the ability to use information to get along in life and become successful |
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| intelligence quotient (IQ) |
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| a number representing a measure of intelligence, resulting from a division of one's mental age by one's chronological age and then multiplying that quotient by 100 |
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| the tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same people |
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| the degree to which a test actually measures what it's supposed to measure |
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| a type of intelligence measure that assumes that IQ is normally distributed around a mean of 100 with standard deviation of about 15 |
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| condition in which a person's behavioral and cognitive skills exist at en earlier development stage than skills of others who are the same chronological age. A more acceptable term for mental retardation. |
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| the 2 % of the population falling on the upper end of the normal curve and typically possessing an IQ of 130 or above |
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| the awareness of and ability to manage one's own emotions as well as the ability to be self-motivated, able to feel what others feel, and socially skilled |
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| a system for combining symbols (such as words) so that an unlimited number of meaningful statements can be made for the purpose of communicating with others |
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the system of rules governing the structure and use of language
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| the system of rules governing the structure and set of a language |
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| the smallest units of meaning within a language |
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| the rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences |
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| the basic unit of sound in language |
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| aspects of language involving the practical ways of communicating with others, or the social "niceties" of language |
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| linguistic relativity hypothesis |
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| the theory that thought processes and concepts are controlled by language |
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| theory that concepts are universal and influence the development of language |
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| the ability of the brain to build and maintain new neurons and the connections between them |
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