Term
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Definition
| carbon containing comoud that are largely nonpolar and hydrophobic |
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Term
| what are the three types of lipids |
|
Definition
steriods
phospholipids
fats |
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Term
|
Definition
| two fatty acid hydrocarbon chains and a phosphate group |
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Term
|
Definition
fatty acids which are either:
Saturated (no double bonds and straight)
Unsaturated (double carbon bonds and bent) |
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Term
|
Definition
| four carbon rings which have various groups attached to them which determine what type of steroid it becomes |
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Term
| what role does fat play in the body |
|
Definition
| energy storage and protection |
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Term
| what role do steriods play in the body |
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Definition
| make up hormones and structural component of plasma membranes-cholesterol |
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Term
| what role do phospholipids play in the body |
|
Definition
| store chemical energy, captures sunlight in plants, signals between cells, waterproof skin and leaves, and make up cell membranes |
|
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Term
| difference between saturated and unsaturated fats |
|
Definition
Saturated-straight, no double bonds
Unsaturated-bent, have double bonds |
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Term
| what makes up phospholipids in the phospholipid bilayer |
|
Definition
have a polar, hydrophillic head that interacts with water
Have a nonpolar hydrophoic tail that faces away from the water |
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|
Term
| what forces hold phospholipid bilayers together |
|
Definition
| only the water around the phospholipids hold the bilayer together, the phospholipids are not really bonded to eachother |
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Term
| what is another name for the type of lipids found in cell membranes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of amphipathic structures |
|
Definition
Micelles-heads interact with water and tails interact with eachother cirular structure
lipid bilayer- two sheets of lipid molecules align, heads face the water and tails face eachother in the bilayer |
|
|
Term
| how do Micells and Bilayers form |
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Definition
| Spontaneously-no energy input is required because they are more stable than independent phospholipids |
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Term
| what substances can cross a membrane easily |
|
Definition
steriods
hormones
H2O
glycerin
gasses
Small, nonpolar molucules
molucles that have no charge |
|
|
Term
| what moleclues cannont cross membranes |
|
Definition
Protien-hormones
ions
Large, charged molecules |
|
|
Term
| how does temperature affect fluidity and permeablility of membranes |
|
Definition
higher temp-more fluidity and permeablility
lower temp-lower fluidity and permeability |
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Term
|
Definition
| the movement of molecules and ions |
|
|
Term
| what is the energy associated with diffusion |
|
Definition
| needs no energy to happen and is an exergonic process, the available energy in the system decreases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the difference in solute concentrations creates a concentration gradient
diffusion moves down a concentration gradient because it encrease entropy
(2nd Law of thermodynamics) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the movement of water accross a membrane |
|
|
Term
| what is the enegry associated with osmosis |
|
Definition
| requires no energy to take place and increases entropy in the system by moveing the water itself, not the solutes across the membrane and is an exergonic process |
|
|
Term
| what is hypotonic solution |
|
Definition
shrinkage
all water inside the membrane rushes out |
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|
Term
| what is hypertoic solution |
|
Definition
| all water outside rushes in |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| all water stays neutral in the membrane |
|
|
Term
| intergral membrane proteins |
|
Definition
| span the membrane and have segments |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| on both the interior and exterior of membrane |
|
|
Term
| peripheral membrane protiens |
|
Definition
| bind to the membrane without passing through |
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Term
|
Definition
| allow facilitated diffusion by setting up a high to low concentration gradient |
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|
Term
| Facillitated diffusion enegry |
|
Definition
| requires no energy and is exergonic |
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Term
|
Definition
| highly selective and only let certain molecules pass through |
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Term
|
Definition
| open or close in reponse to a signal |
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Term
|
Definition
| specialized membrane proteins that change shape through the transport process |
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Term
|
Definition
powered by diffusion along an electrochemical gradient
NO energy required |
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Term
|
Definition
| transport that is against an elctrochemical gradiet, usually with help from a pump that uses ATP |
|
|
Term
| energy associated with Active trasport |
|
Definition
uses energy so it is endergonic
One of the biggest energy users in the body |
|
|
Term
| what is Secondary active transport or Cotransport |
|
Definition
| a gradient set up by a pum provides energy required to power the movement of a molecule against its particular gradient |
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|
Term
| what do all cells generally have |
|
Definition
DNA
Cytoplasm
surrounded by a plasma membrane |
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|
Term
|
Definition
nucleoid-no membrane bound nucleous
plasmids-super coild necleoid
ribosomes-make proteins and contain RNA
cytoskeleton-help maintain cell shape
(many have cell walls) |
|
|
Term
| what is compartmentalization |
|
Definition
the breaking up of the inside of the cell into different "zones"
Only in eukaryotic cells because of large size
-makes diffusion easier
-incompatible chemical reactions are separated
-chemicall reactions become more effecient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA
Membrane bound nucleous
many organells
large
have endomembrane system
lost of internal membrane
diverse cytoskeleton
(cell walls only in plants and fungi) |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the cytoskelton |
|
Definition
actin (microfiliments)
Intermediate filiments
Microtubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintain cell shape, move cells by pulling, divide animal cells, move organelles |
|
|
Term
| what does intermediate filiments do |
|
Definition
| maintain cell shape by pulling, anchor nucleous and some other organells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintain cell shape, move cells by pushing, move chromosomes duriing division, provide tracks for intracellular transport, move organelles |
|
|
Term
| what is the endomembrane system and its components |
|
Definition
-provides intracellular transport and divides the cell into it's organells
-Smooth ER
-Rough ER
-Golgi apparatus
-Lysosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cell wall made of cargohydrates
central vacuole for internal pressure
chloroplasts for photosynthesis |
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|
Term
| AT THIS CARD REVIEW ORGANELLS IN EUKARYOTES |
|
Definition
| KNOW ALL 10 ORGANELLS AND WHAT THEY DO |
|
|
Term
| first and second law of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
FIRST LAW-energy is conserved, it can never be created or destroyed
SECOND LAW-entropy (randomness) always increases in a system |
|
|
Term
| what are endergonic reactions and exergonic reactions |
|
Definition
endergoinc-take in energy to make a reaction
exergonic-release energy during a reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the energy available to do work |
|
|
Term
| what is reduction and oxidation |
|
Definition
Oxidation is the loss of electrons
Reduction is gain of electrons |
|
|
Term
| what is energetic coupling |
|
Definition
It is the coupling of two half reactions-one endergonic and one exergonic
-electron position is highly related to energy levels and redox reactions |
|
|
Term
| what are Redox reactions used for in the body |
|
Definition
| to make ATP from energy in macromolecules |
|
|
Term
| where are coupled redox reaction's elcrons transfered to |
|
Definition
| the electron NAD+ which reduces to NADH |
|
|
Term
| why is ATP a good fule source |
|
Definition
| I has a very high potential energy because of the three negatively charged phosphate groups packed together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3 phosphate groups
adenine ring
ribose sugar
-similar to nucleotides
|
|
|
Term
| What happens to ATP during ATP hydrolysis |
|
Definition
the outermost phosphate group bond is broken, leaving ADP
-highly exergonic because the entropy of the product is higher than that of the reactants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exergonic process of adding a phosphat group on to ADP with the help of a substrate |
|
|
Term
| what are enzymes and what do they do |
|
Definition
they are protiens that are catalysts
-they pring substrates together to make reactions more likely and are specific to only certain substrates |
|
|
Term
| what is activation energy |
|
Definition
minimum quantitiy of energy that the reacting species must possess in order to undergo the reaction
-enzymes lower this to make reactions easier |
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|
Term
| What is the main reason we maintain a constant body temperature |
|
Definition
Enzymes need enviromental optimization so that they do no denature because their form is so closely related to function
-pH also affects enzymes |
|
|
Term
| what are the main roles of NAD+ and NADH |
|
Definition
-NAD+ is reduced to NADH
-transfers electrons in redox reactions
-constant switching of NAD+ and NADH set up a gradient of protons which drive ATP production |
|
|
Term
1 if potential energy decreased...
2 If potential energy increases... |
|
Definition
1 entropy increases and is endergonic and not spontaneous, overall energy increases
2 entropy decreased and is exergonic and spontaneous, overall energy decreases |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between respiration and fermenation |
|
Definition
respiration-more efficient and takes place with oxygen, fully oxidizes glucose down to CO2 and H2O
Fermentation-less efficientand take place without oxygen, partially oxides glucose to CO2 and alcohol or lactic acid |
|
|
Term
| main steps of respiration |
|
Definition
1. glycolysis
2.pyruvate processing
3.Krebs/citric acid cycle
4.electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
| what happens during glycolysis, and where does it take place |
|
Definition
glucose comes in
broken in half into 2 pyruvates
produces 2 ATP through substrate level phosphorylation
Produces 2 NADH
does not need oxygen
Takes place in cytosol of cell
|
|
|
Term
| what happens during pyruvate processing and where does it take place |
|
Definition
2 pyruvates broken down further into Acytle CoA
2 NADH produced
2 CO2 produced
Needs oxygen
takes place in the mitocondrial matrix |
|
|
Term
| what happens during the krebs cycle and where does it take place |
|
Definition
Acetyl CoA is oxidized
4 CO2 produced
2 FADH2 produced
2 ATP produced
Needs Oxygen
takes place in the mitochondrea matrix |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the electron transport chain and where does it take place |
|
Definition
FADH2 and NADH create a protein gradient which powers ATP synthase through oxidative phosphorylation
Generates 25 ATP
needs oxygen
takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane |
|
|
Term
| what is feedback inhibition |
|
Definition
| control mechanism in which an enzymme is inhibited when the substance it catalyzes accumulates to a certain level which regulates production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it has a high electonegativity and serves as the final elctron acceptor in the elctron transport chain |
|
|
Term
| other molecuels that can be used instead of glucose |
|
Definition
carbohydrates are the main sorce-starch and glycogen
Fats are broken down next-create lots of ATP and enter as Acetyl CoA in the Krebs Cycle
Proteins are used as a las resort-produce NH3 which is toxic |
|
|
Term
| how does form relate to ATP in mitochondria |
|
Definition
have folded inner membran which creates more surface are for the ETC
the cristea produce small pockets where protons gather for the proton gradient |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the reactants entering each stage of cellular resperation and what happens to the energy |
|
Definition
-they are oxidized to release energy and the energy of the whole system decreases.
(NAD+is reduced) |
|
|
Term
| What does ATP Synthase do |
|
Definition
converts chemical enegry of the proton gradient into bond energy of ATP
only thing that ACTUALLY MAKES ATP |
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