Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Location Skeleton
Function Movement, Heat, Posture
Appearance Striated MultiNucleated (eccentrc), Fibers Parallel
Control Voluntary |
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Term
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Definition
Location
Function Pump Blood Continuously
Appearance striated,one central nucleus
Control involuntary |
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Term
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Definition
Location
GI tract,uterus,eye,bloodvessels
Function Peristalsis, blood pressure, pupil size, erects hairs
Appearance nostriations,one central nucleus
Control involuntary |
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Term
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Definition
voluntary muscles responsible for
Moving our body, Maintaining posture
Supporting internal organs
Pushing against veins and lymphatic vessels to move blood and lymph along
Generating heat |
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Term
| Skeletal Muscles Working in Pairs |
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Definition
| more than 600 skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
Muscles that must contract at the same time to cause movement
"work together in same direction" |
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Term
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Definition
Movement is produced when one muscle of the pair contracts and the other relaxes. "produce opposite reactions"
Example: the biceps muscle and triceps muscle of the upper arm |
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Term
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Definition
Attachment of muscle to less moveable bone
The end attached to the bone that remains relatively stationary during movement |
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Term
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Definition
Atachment of muscle to a more moveable bone
The end attached to the bone that moves |
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Term
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Definition
Biceps contract and pull the forearm up flexing the arm
The relaxed triceps is stretched |
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Term
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Definition
Triceps contract and pulls teh forearm down extending the arm
relaxed biceps is stretched |
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Term
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Definition
Flexes and rotates arm
DHTK Action |
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Term
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Definition
Straightens arm at elbow
DHTK Action |
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Term
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Definition
Helps raise arm, pulls shoulder blade forward, useful in pushing
DHTK Action |
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Term
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Definition
Lateral twisting of body
Compresses abdomen
DHTK Action |
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Term
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Definition
Compress abdomen and Chest
Bends Backbone
DHTK Action |
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Term
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Definition
Rotates Thigh Laterally
Fleses thigh, draws thigh towards body
DHTK Action |
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Term
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Definition
Bends lower leg at the knee
Bends and rotates thigh at hip
DHTK Action |
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Term
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Definition
Flexes Thigh at hips
Extends leg at knee
DHTK Action |
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Term
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Definition
Flexes foot toward at knee
DHTK Action |
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Term
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Definition
Bends forearm at elbow,
rotates hand
DHTK Action |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Raises, turns and lowers shoulders, turns head
DHTK Action |
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Term
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Definition
Rotates and draws arm backwards towards body, helps in climbing
DHTK Action |
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Term
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Definition
Extends or rotates thigh in wlaking or climbing
DHTK Action |
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Term
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Definition
Draws thigh backward, bends knee
DHTK Action |
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Term
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Definition
Extends foot away from knee, bends lower leg at knee
DHTK Action |
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Term
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Definition
| Band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone |
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Term
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Definition
Condition of having an inflamed tendon
Caused by overuse, misuse, or age
Healing is slow because tendons have a poor blood supply |
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Term
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Definition
called a muscle strain or tear
Caused by overstretching that damages the muscle or tendon
Treatment includes ice to reduce swelling and keeping the muscle stretched |
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Term
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Definition
| The Sliding-Filament Mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
| The structure of a skeletal muscle |
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Term
Contraction of Muscles
Muscle Fibers |
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Definition
| intact muscle is formed from individual muscle fibers grouped in increasingly larger bundles, each wrapped in a connective tissue sheath |
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Term
Contraction of Muscles
Fascicle |
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Definition
a bundle of muscle cells
each is surrounded by its own connective tissue sheath
dense fibrous connective tissues non-parallel fibers
The connective tissue sheaths of fascicles merge at the ends of muscles to form tendons that attach the muscle to bone |
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Term
Contraction of Muscles
Muscle Cell |
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Definition
=a muscle fiber
skeletal muscle have striations formed by the arrangement of myofibrils within the cell |
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Term
Contraction of Muscles
Myofibrils |
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Definition
contains two types of myofilaments
Myosin (thick) filaments
Actin (thin) filaments are more numerous |
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Term
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Definition
contains two types of myofilaments
Myosin (thick) filaments
Actin (thin) filaments are more numerous |
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Term
Contraction of Muscles
Sarcomeres
Know per dr meyers |
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Definition
| myofibril has tens of thousands of contractile units, called sarcomeres. The ends of each sarcomere are marked by Z lines |
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Term
Contraction of Muscles
Sliding Filament Model |
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Definition
a muscle contracts when actin filaments slide past myosin filaments, shortening the sarcomere
Molecular level |
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Term
Contraction of Muscles
Myosin Head |
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Definition
aka cross-bridge,
attaches to a nearby actin filament
head bends and swivels, pulling actin filament to midline of sarcomere- shortening the sarcomere
head disengages from the actin filament
movements of myosin require ATP
The cycle begins again Myosin=shortening |
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Term
Contraction of Muscles
Calcium Ions |
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Definition
| Muscle contractions are controlled by the availability of these |
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Term
Contraction of Muscles
Troponin-Tropomyosin Complex |
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Definition
| When a muscle is relaxed complex covers the actin-myosin binding sites |
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Term
Contraction of Muscles
Troponin |
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Definition
When Calcium ions bond to troponin causes Muscle contraction and change in shape
Heart attack when rupture to blood=troponin in blood
change in shape moves tropomyosin, exposing actin-myosin binding sites |
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Term
Calcium Ions and Regulatory Proteins
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
| Calcium ions are stored in. Forms smooth endoplasmic reticulum found in muscle cells |
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Term
Calcium Ions and Regulatory Proteins
Transverse tubules (T tubules) |
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Definition
Pockets in the plasma membrane of a muscle cell
Carry signals from motor neurons deep into the muscle cell to every sarcomere |
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Term
Calcium Ions and Regulatory Proteins
Rigor Mortis
Know per dr. m |
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Definition
Muscle contraction will occur as long as ATP is present
Without ATP, cross-bridges cannot be broken
Within 3 to 4 hours after death, the muscles become stiff rigor mortis
Actin and myosin gradually break down and muscles relax again after 2 to 3 days |
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Term
Role of Nerves
Neuromuscular junction |
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Definition
| Junction between the tip of a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell |
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Term
Role of Nerves
Acetylcholine |
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Definition
causes changes in Muscle cell permeability, results is an electrochemical message similar to a nerve impulse
message travels along the plasma membrane in T tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, releasing calcium ions for muscle contraction |
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Term
Muscular Dystrophy (MD)
Know per dr m |
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Definition
| A group of inherited conditions in which muscles weaken: if too many calcium ions enter a muscle cell, proteins may be destroyed, eventually causing the cell to die; on a large scale, muscles weaken |
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Term
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
know per dr. m |
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Definition
The gene for production of the protein dystrophin is defective
Lack of dystrophin allows excess calcium ions to enter muscle cells, eventually killing the cells |
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Term
Voluntary Movement
Motor Unit
Know per dr. m |
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Definition
a motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates
All the muscle cells in a given motor unit contract together |
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Term
Motor Units and Recruitment
Recruitment
know per dr. m |
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Definition
| In nervous system aIncreasing the number of motor units stimulated increases strength of muscle contraction. |
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Term
Muscle Twitch
NOT ON TEST PER DR M |
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Definition
| Contraction of a muscle in response to a single stimulus |
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Term
Atrophy
know per dr. meyers |
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Definition
| a wasting away of the body or of an organ or part, as from defective nutrition or nerve damage. |
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Term
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Definition
ends of sacomeres
Marked by dark protein bands |
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Term
| Energy for Muscle Contraction |
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Definition
ATP REQUIRED (in order)
ATP stored in muscle cells(becomes ADP)
creatine phosphate stored in muscle cells
Anaerobic metabolic pathways=(Glycolysis, no oxygen needed)
Aerobic respiration |
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Term
Slow twitch and Fast Twitch Muscle Cells
Slow Twitch |
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Definition
Marathon runners
contract slowly, endurance, high mitochondria, myoglobin(oxygen binding)
dark red |
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Term
Slow twitch and Fast Twitch Muscle Cells
Fast Twitch |
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Definition
Contract rapid, powerful, less endurance
rapid cross-bridge attachments,
more actin and myosin,
anaerobic generation of ATP
Tire quickly
Sprinters |
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Term
Building Muscle
Aerobic Exercise |
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Definition
enough oxygen to muscles
development new blood vessels
more mitochondria
no increase in muscle size
walking, jogging, swimming |
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Term
Building Muscle
Resistance exercise |
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Definition
Builds strength
muscle size increase repeat more than 75% max force
increase diameter of existing muscle
Weightlifting |
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