Term
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Definition
Composed of:
-206 total bones
-Cartilages
-Ligaments and other connective tissues
-Six categories based on shape |
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Term
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Definition
126 Bones
-Bones of skull, thorax, and vertebral column
-Form longitudinal axis of body |
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Term
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Definition
80 Bones
-Bones of the limbs and girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
-Thin, roughly parallel surfaces
Examples: cranial bones, sternum |
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Term
| Sutural Bones (Wormian Bones) |
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Definition
-Irregular bones formed between cranial bones
-Number, size, and shape vary |
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Term
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Definition
-Relatively long and slender
Examples: various bones of the limbs |
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Term
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Definition
-Complex shapes
Examples: vertebrae, bones of pelvis, facial bones |
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Term
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Definition
-Small, flat, and somewhat shaped like sesame seed
-Develop in tendons of knee, hands, and feet
Individual variation in location and number |
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Term
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Definition
-Small and boxy
Examples: bones of the wrist (carpals) and ankles (tarsals) |
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Term
| Functions of the Skeletal System |
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Definition
-Support (support for body, attachment for soft tissues)
-Storage of minerals (calcium and phosphate)
-Calcium most abundant mineral in body (~2–4 lb)
--98% stored in bones
-Blood cell production (all formed elements of blood)
Protection (delicate tissues and organs surrounded by bone)
-Leverage (act as levers with skeletal muscles to move body) |
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Term
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Definition
-Also known as bone markings
-External and internal features related to functions
--Elevations/projections for tendon and ligament attachment
--Depressions/grooves/tunnels for blood vessels or nerves to lie alongside or penetrate |
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Term
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Definition
-Canal or Meatus (large passageway)
-Process (projection or bump)
-Sinus (chamber within bone, usually filled with air)
-Foramen (small rounded passageway)
-Fissure (elongated cleft or gap) |
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Term
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Definition
-Head (expanded proximal end that forms part of joint)
-Tubercle (small, rounded projection)
-Sulcus (deep, narrow groove)
-Tuberosity (small, rough projection; may occupy broad area)
-Diaphysis (shaft; elongated body)
-Trochlea (smooth, grooved articular process)
-Condyle (smooth, rounded articular process) |
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Term
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Definition
-Trochanter (large, rough projection)
Head
-Neck (narrow connection between head and diaphysis)
-Diaphysis
-Facet (small, flat articular surface)
Condyle |
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Term
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Definition
-Crest (prominent ridge)
-Fossa (shallow depression or recess)
-Line (low ridge; more delicate than crest)
-Spine (pointed or narrow process)
-Ramus (extension that makes angle with rest of structure) |
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Term
Long Bone Features
Epiphysis (expanded ends) |
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Definition
-Consist largely of spongy bone (trabecular bone)
-Network of struts and plates
-Resists forces from various directions and directs body weight to diaphysis and joints
-Outer covering of compact bone
-Strong, organized bone |
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Term
Long Bone Features
Articular Cartilage |
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Definition
-Covers portions of epiphysis that form articulations
-Avascular and receives resources from synovial fluid |
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Term
Long Bone Features
Metaphysis |
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Definition
| -Connects epiphysis to shaft (Diaphysis) |
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Term
Long Bone Features
Diaphysis (shaft) |
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Definition
-Contains medullary cavity (marrow cavity)
-Filled with marrow
--Red bone marrow (red blood cell production)
--Yellow bone marrow (adipose storage) |
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Term
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Definition
| -Growth and maintenance requires extensive blood supply |
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Term
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Definition
-Nutrient Artery/Vein (commonly one in each bone)
-Metaphyseal Artery/Vein |
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Term
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Definition
-Nutrient foramen (tunnel providing access to marrow cavity)
-Also supplies osteons of compact bone with blood |
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Term
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Definition
-Carry blood to/from metaphysis
-Connects to epiphyseal arteries/veins |
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Term
Periosteum Features
-Smaller blood vessels |
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Definition
| -Supply superficial osteons |
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Term
Periosteum Features
-Lymphatic vessels |
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Definition
| -Collect lymph from bone and osteon |
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Term
Periosteum Features
-Sensory nerves |
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Definition
| -Innervate diaphysis, medullary cavity, and epiphyses |
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Term
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Definition
1. Osteocytes (osteo-, bone + cyte, cell)
2. Osteoblasts (blast, precursor)
3. Osteoprogenitor cells (progenitor, ancestor)
4. Osteoclasts (clast, to break) |
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Term
Bone Cell Types
Osteocytes (osteo-, bone + cyte, cell) |
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Definition
-Mature bone cells that cannot divide
-Most numerous bone cell type
-Maintain protein and mineral content of adjacent matrix
-Dissolve matrix to release minerals
-Rebuild matrix to deposit mineral crystals
--Occupy lacunae (pocket)
--Separated by layers of matrix --(lamellae)
--Connected with canaliculi |
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Term
Bone Cell Types
Osteoblasts (blast, precursor) |
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Definition
-Produce new bony matrix (osteogenesis or ossification)
--Begins with release of proteins and other organic components to produce unmineralized matrix (= osteoid)
--Then assists in depositing calcium salts to convert osteoid to bone
-Become osteocytes once surrounded by bony matrix |
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Term
Bone Cell Types
Osteoprogenitor cells (progenitor, ancestor) |
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Definition
-Mesenchymal (stem) cells that produce cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
-Important in fracture repair
-Locations
--Inner lining of periosteum
--Lining endosteum in medullary cavity
--Lining passageways containing blood vessels |
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Term
Bone Cell Types
Osteoclasts (clast, to break) |
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Definition
-Remove and remodel bone matrix
-Giant cells with 50+ nuclei
-Derived from same stem cells as macrophages
-Release acids and proteolytic enzymes to dissolve matrix and release stored minerals
= Osteolysis (lysis, loosening) |
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