Term
| What are antimicrobial drugs used to treat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are bacteria? Do they have a nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are bacteria surrounded by? How quickly do they divide? |
|
Definition
-plasma membrane surrounded by a cell wall
-divide as often as 20 mins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by binary fission(replicate DNA and split in half) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two classification of antimicrobials? |
|
Definition
1.bacteriostatic
2.bacteriocidal |
|
|
Term
| How do bacteriostatic drugs work? |
|
Definition
| they stop bacterial division and reproduction, allows immune system to kill bacteria |
|
|
Term
| How do bactericidal drugs work? |
|
Definition
| directly kills dividing bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What are some common adverse effects of anti-infectives? |
|
Definition
-bacterial resistance
-superinfection
-GI tract distress
-allergic reactions
-photosensitivity
-drug interactions |
|
|
Term
| WHat are some drugs that interact with antiinfectives? (3) |
|
Definition
-oral contraceptives
-oral anticoagulants
-other anti-infectives |
|
|
Term
| Why is there GI distress with anti-infectives? |
|
Definition
| antibacterial kills normal, good bacteria in GI tract causing upset |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean if a antiinfective causes photosensitivity? |
|
Definition
| decreases ability to absorb vit D from the sun |
|
|
Term
| How does bacterial resistance occur from taking antiinfectives? |
|
Definition
| bacteria can transfer resistance genes to each other through conjugation |
|
|
Term
| How does bacterial resistance occur from taking antiinfectives? |
|
Definition
| bacteria can transfer resistance genes to each other through conjugation |
|
|
Term
| What are some uses of anti-infectives in dentistry? (4) |
|
Definition
1.treating acute infection
2.prophylactic treatment
3.periodontal therapy
4.postsurgical treatments |
|
|
Term
| How do we choose which antimicrobial to use with an infection? |
|
Definition
| based on best guess about microorgansim |
|
|
Term
| Who do we culture bacteria for with infections? |
|
Definition
-immunoconpromised patients(always cultured)
-people who have been prescribed multiple antimicrobials with no luck |
|
|
Term
| Who gets prescribed prophylaxis treatments? (3) |
|
Definition
-Infective endocarditis
-immunocompromised patients
-implant dentistry |
|
|
Term
| What type of antibiotic is penicillin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat is the enzyme inhibitor ring that kills the bacterial cell wall in penicillin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is penicillin effective? |
|
Definition
| only effective when bacteria is dividing |
|
|
Term
| What type of bacteria does penicillin work against? (3) |
|
Definition
1.gram positive
2.some gram negative
3.some anaerobes |
|
|
Term
| What are bacteria usually? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do bacteria develop that makes them resistant to penicillin? |
|
Definition
| beta-lactamase, this destroys the beta lactam ring |
|
|
Term
| Can a bactericidal and bacteriostatic antimicrobial be taken together? |
|
Definition
| no they do not work because static stops division and cidal requires division to work |
|
|
Term
| WHy can't antimicrobials be taken with oral contreceptives? |
|
Definition
| because bacteria in intestines help absorb hormones in birth control pills |
|
|
Term
| WHy can't antimicrobials b taken with anticoagulants? |
|
Definition
| because bacteria help produce vitamin K to make clotting factors |
|
|
Term
| How can penicillins be abministered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the absorption of penicillins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Should penicillins be taken with food or water? |
|
Definition
| taken on empty stomach with a full glass of water(fewer GI related side effects) |
|
|
Term
| What is the distribution of penicillins like? |
|
Definition
| throughout the body and across membranes |
|
|
Term
| Where does metabolism of penicillins occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the excretion of penicillins like? What are the two forms it can be excreted in? |
|
Definition
-renal excretion
can be excreted as an inactive metabolite or as an active drug |
|
|
Term
| What are some adverse reactions seen with penicillin? |
|
Definition
-toxicity
-pseudomembranous colitis
-GI distress
-superinfection
-allergic reactions |
|
|
Term
| When is toxicity seen with penicillins? What happens? |
|
Definition
-seen with higher doses
-anemia, bone marrow suppression
-renal toxicity |
|
|
Term
| What is pseudomembranous colitis? |
|
Definition
-C. Difficile infection seen in colon
-devere dehydration, diarrhea with blood and mucous
-can be fatal |
|
|
Term
| How common are allergic reactions seen with penicillin? What can heppen? |
|
Definition
-seen with 10% of people
-anaphylatic shock, delayed serum sickness, oral lesions |
|
|
Term
| If someone gets a rash when taking penicillin is that a true sign of allergy? Can they still use it? |
|
Definition
| not a true sign of allergy, can still use it |
|
|
Term
| What are two examples of true penicillins? |
|
Definition
-penicillin VK
-amoxicillin
-beta lactamase inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| What is good about penicillin VK? |
|
Definition
| narrow spectrum(treats fewer types of infections) |
|
|
Term
| What is the spectrum of amoxicillin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is amoxicillin used for? What can it be taken with? |
|
Definition
-used for prophylactic treatments
-can be taken with food |
|
|
Term
| What are beta lactamase inhibitors? |
|
Definition
| combination of a penicillin variant and a bata lactamase inhibitor, prevents bacteria from destroying penicillin |
|
|
Term
| Are beta-lactamase inhibitors broad or narrow spectrum? What is seen with them? |
|
Definition
| broad spectrum, more GI distress seen with these than other antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of some beta-lactamase inhibitors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amoxicillin + clavulanic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| piperacillin + tazobactam |
|
|
Term
| What is another example of bactericidal antimicrobials? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the spectrum like with cephalosporins? Are these typically used in dentistry? |
|
Definition
-narrow to broad base
-not typically used in dentistry |
|
|
Term
| What are 1st generation cephalosporins? |
|
Definition
| given orally, narrowest spectrum |
|
|
Term
| What are 2nd generation cephalosporins used for? |
|
Definition
| used for penicillin-resistant infections, given orally |
|
|
Term
| What are 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins? |
|
Definition
-broadest spectrum
-works on different microorganisms
-given parenterally |
|
|
Term
| What do cephalosporins do? |
|
Definition
| destroy bacterial cells walls with beta-lactam rings |
|
|
Term
| How are cephalosporins administered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are cephalosporins administered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are cephalosporins distributed? How are they excreted? |
|
Definition
-widely distributed(lipophilic)
-renal excretion(Phase I and II) |
|
|
Term
| What may cephalosporins have a cross allergy with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another type of bactericidal antibiotics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a nitroimadazole drug? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do nitroimadazole work? |
|
Definition
| breaks down bacterial DNA |
|
|
Term
| What is nitroimadazole used for in the dentist office? |
|
Definition
-necrotizing gingivitis
-periodontitis treatment |
|
|
Term
| What can nitroimadazole be paired with to treat periodonitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of drug is nitroimadazole? How is it administered? |
|
Definition
-hydrophilic
-oral or IV administration |
|
|
Term
| How are nitroimadazoles excreted? |
|
Definition
| renal excretion(a lot of excreted as an active drug, some goes through phase II met) |
|
|
Term
| What are some adverse efffects of nitroimadazole? |
|
Definition
-nausea
-diarrhea
-metallic taste/xerostomia
-reduced WBC count
-increased preterm labor in pregnant patients
-CNS effects like dizziness or vertigo |
|
|
Term
| What are some drug interactions seen with nitroimadazole? |
|
Definition
-Warfarin
-Barbiturates(increased excretion)
-Alcohol (can cause vomiting) |
|
|
Term
| What are fluoroquinolones? |
|
Definition
| bactericidal antibiotic, originally meant to be a reserve antibiotic |
|
|
Term
| What do fluoroquinolones do? |
|
Definition
| prevent bacterial DNA replication |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of fluoroquinolones? (5)? |
|
Definition
1.Levaquin(levofloxacin)
2.Avelox(moxifloxacin)
3.Cipro(ciprofloxacin)
4.Penetrex(enoxacin)
5.NegGram(nalidixic acid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteriostatic amtibiotics, inhibit bacterial translation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of making protein(emzymes, etc) |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of macrolides? What does this work well for? |
|
Definition
| Erythromycin, good for aerobic gram + bacterial infections in ppl allergic to penicillin |
|
|
Term
| What are some adverse reactions of macrolides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are drug interactions seen with macrolides? |
|
Definition
| because they inhibit the liver enzyme cyp450(34A isoform), this decreases the metabolism of drugs that use this enzyme |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of drugs that macrolides decrease the metabolism for? |
|
Definition
-warfarin(Coumadin)
-carbamazepine(Tegretol)
-simvastatin(Zocor)
-phenytoin(Dilantin) |
|
|
Term
| What are two types of macrolides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some brand names of azithromycin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does azithromycin work best for? Are there any drug reactions? |
|
Definition
-aerobic bacterial infections in patients allergic to penicillin
-no drug reactions because it does not inhibit cyp450 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-no cyp450 interactions
-potentially serious reactions with certain antidepressants or antihypertensives (decreases metabolism of these) |
|
|
Term
| linezolid is supposed to be a BLANK antibiotic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteriostatic antibiotics, highly lipiphilic so there are a lot of drug interactions seen(causes increased plasma levels of less lipophilic dru |
|
|
Term
| Example of lincomycin drug? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some adverse reactions seen with lincomycins? |
|
Definition
-GI distress(pseudomembranous colitis)
-visual problems
-liver toxicity
-drop in WBC count |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteriostatic antibiotic that interferes with bacterial translation |
|
|
Term
| What is the duration of tetracyclines like? |
|
Definition
| increased duration due to enterohepatic circulation |
|
|
Term
| What is the excretion of tetracyclines like? |
|
Definition
Feces(doxycycline)
kidneys(tetracycline, minocycline) |
|
|
Term
| What pregnancy risk category is tetracycline? |
|
Definition
| D because it inserts into bone and teeth |
|
|
Term
| What are some therapeutic uses of tetracycline? |
|
Definition
-concentrated in gingival crevicular fluid
-periodontal disease
-prophykactic treatment for penicillin resistant A. actinomycetecomitans infection |
|
|
Term
| What brand of tetracycline is used for periodontal disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can tetracycline prevent? |
|
Definition
| IE when taken 3 weeks before dental work |
|
|
Term
| If one cycline antibiotic does not work BLANK will. |
|
Definition
| If one cycline does not work, none of them will. (all so similar) |
|
|
Term
| What are some adverse reactions of tetracycline? |
|
Definition
-incorporation into bones and teeth
-GI distress
-hepatoxicity and nephrotoxicity
-hematologic effects
-superinfection
-photosensitivity
-CNS effects
-allergic reaction
-drug interaction |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the hepatotoxicity/ nephrotoxicity effects of tetracycline? |
|
Definition
| when antibiotic expires it forms toxic compounds |
|
|
Term
| What is the hematologic effect seen with tetracyclines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of drug interactions are seen with tetracyclines? |
|
Definition
| cation containing foods block tetracycline from being absorbed, stim and inhibits cyp450 |
|
|
Term
| What are three other bactericidal antibiotics? |
|
Definition
1.sulfonamides
2.vancomycins
3.aminoglycosides |
|
|
Term
| What is the brand name for sulfonamides? Spectrum? Adverse effect? |
|
Definition
-Bactrim
-broad spectrum
-causes photosensitivity |
|
|
Term
| What is the brand name for vancomycins? What does this treat? |
|
Definition
-Vancocin
-treats C. Difficile |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of aminoglycosides? Spectrum? |
|
Definition
-neomycin, gentamycin
-broad spectrum
*arent prescribed often* |
|
|
Term
| Which antibiotic is usually used for phophylatic use? How long before appointment do they need to take it? |
|
Definition
-amoxicillin
-usually 20 hrs before appointment |
|
|
Term
| Who are phophylatic antibiotics usually recommended for? |
|
Definition
-artificial heart valves
-previous IE
-congenital heart conditions
-heart transplant with develop heat condition |
|
|
Term
| What are some reasons why antibiotics don't always work? (6) |
|
Definition
-non compliance
-incorrectly prescribed
-poor debridment of infected area
-antibiotic resistant bacteria
-inadequate drug concentration at infection site(why they are usually lipophilic)
-suppressed host immune response |
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|
